Is the highest water jump an achievement or a risky move? Diving from a great height: history and world champions What is the name of the sport of diving

The main elements of the springboard and platform jumping technique are the run-up, push, flight phase and entry into the water. These elements determine both the outcome and the assessment.

Construction of the run-up and push

The execution of the entire jump depends on the push. In this case, the direction of the push determines the subsequent flight trajectory, which the athlete will not be able to change during the flight phase. In springboard and platform jumping, a distinction is made between jumps that are preceded by a run-up and jumps from the front and back stances.

The run-up precedes the forward jumps, Auerbach jumps and some of the spinning jumps. All other jumps: back jumps, Dolphin jumps and the rest of the spin jumps are performed from the back stance. Some jumps (Auerbach headfirst jump or Auerbach 2.5 somersault) are almost without exception performed from the platform from the front stance.

Flight phase

The flight phase, also called the unsupported phase, begins when the feet take off the board or platform and ends when they touch the surface of the water. The flight phase is introduced by a push, which determines the (optimal) flight path (a sign that influences the assessment) and the execution of movements. In the evaluation process, regardless of the difficulty of the jump, beauty and harmony are in the foreground.

Entering the water

The basic requirements for entering the water are considered fulfilled if the athlete, while maintaining optimal position legs and tense body muscles reaches the bottom of the pool. In this case, the part of the body immersed in water must occupy a vertical position in relation to the surface of the water in order to enter the water almost without splashing.

It would seem that there is little interest in watching people jump into the water. Almost all of us have jumped from a tower or dived at least once in our lives. But what is diving - this is a sport where both elements are present.

Athletes train for years before appearing in front of spectators and judges. nurseries and youth schools, in which they are taught the basics and subsequently hone their technique.

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Having achieved perfection in the art of diving, former students participate in competitions on an international scale. During the competition, judges evaluate the quality of the elements and the cleanliness of the entrance to the water surface.

Who was the first to jump into water?

Archaeologists cannot determine exactly when people began to show increased interest in jumping from heights, but it is reliably known that this happened long before the advent of our era.

Just look at the Etruscan wall fresco depicting a young man jumping from a cliff into the sea. His pose - with a highly elongated body and outstretched arms - is somewhat reminiscent of modern jumpers.

In any case, the ancient Greeks, fellow tribesmen of the famous Homer, paid great attention to physical culture.

This generation practiced diving, trying to develop in their children such a constellation of wonderful qualities:

1. courage;
2. perseverance;
3. self-discipline;
4. desire to overcome complexes.

The last point alludes to the fear of heights that many boys exhibit in early childhood. By jumping, they got rid of fear. By by and large jumping can teach a person control of his body when in the water element and the ability to concentrate extremely.

You can remember the legendary Icarus, who really wanted to fly. Most people living probably wanted to contribute to the fulfillment of this desire at least once.

When jumping, a person experiences a completely incomparable sensation of flight, so it is not surprising that ancient people tried to feel how birds fly at least in this way.

As for Russia, its inhabitants have always been distinguished by courage and determination, especially in drunk. According to eyewitnesses, many Russians proved their courage to others by jumping into the water from piles and bridges.

What features does this sport have?

Athletes have to jump from towers and springboards. Of course, the venue for the competition must be appropriately equipped. According to Wikipedia, the springboard board is 4.8 m long, and has an anti-slip coating over its entire surface.

In addition, the springboard has other features:

• it is made of duralumin to achieve maximum spring properties;
• its front edge retreats from the edge of the pool by one and a half meters;
• its width is about 5m.

Recently, it has been customary to use a special unit at competitions, which mechanically creates on the surface water lung excitement in order to make it easy for an athlete standing on a platform or springboard to calculate the distance to the water.

What is a sport without classifications?

Individual and synchronized jumps are divided into groups according to the following parameters:

• on the racks. There are back, front and handstands;
• on the takeoff run. You can jump with a running start, or you can just jump right off the bat;
• by body position. The athlete can begin the jump, having previously assumed a bent, bent position either in a group;
• by screws and turns. There are also half turns and half screws.

Immediately after the demonstration performance, athletes - both men and women - enter the small pool with warm water to relax muscles that are overly tense during performance. In addition, this is done according to hygienic requirements.

Before competitions, men wear swimming trunks with cuffs encircling their legs, and swimsuits are provided for the fairer sex. Moreover, the material from which these accessories are made is more durable than the material used for conventional equipment. This is natural, because when there is sharp contact with water, strong friction occurs.

When performing a jump, an athlete goes through three phases:

• the quality of rotation of the body around the axis, as well as the reach and direction depends on how the push-off phase is performed;
• in the flight phase, the athlete controls the speed and rotates along the transverse and longitudinal axes;
• During the dive phase, the main thing is to enter the water creating the least amount of splash.

What is diving - it is undoubtedly a duel between the most courageous, persistent and physically resilient athletes. In addition to this, one should not discount the aesthetic component. Athletes performing in pairs look especially beautiful during performances.

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Diving- an Olympic water sport, the essence of which is to perform acrobatic elements while jumping from a platform or springboard into the water. In diving, both the quality of acrobatic elements and the cleanliness of entering the water are assessed.

The International Swimming Federation (French Fédération Internationale de Natation, FINA) is an organization that develops diving and organizes international competitions.

History of the origin and development of diving

Since ancient times, people have been jumping into water in one way or another, they did it from cliffs, shores, and ships. This activity was widespread mainly among fishermen, divers and warriors. If we talk about diving as a hobby, then they first started talking about it in Switzerland in the 16th century.

Diving received wide use in the second half of the 19th century, this was due to the widespread construction of bathing complexes. In parallel with the Swiss diving school, there was also a German school. The main difference German school from the Swiss one is the apparatus from which jumps are performed - a springboard. The Swiss performed jumps from towers.

While jumping from a springboard, the athlete's whole body was very tense. Such jumps were distinguished by great accuracy of execution. The Swiss jumps were distinguished by their freedom and natural body position. Later, American jumpers managed to combine both schools, and received a high reach and entry into the water without splashing.

In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) was formed, which influenced the further development of diving and promotes its development today.

Diving rules

Each jump must be designated by 3 or 4 numbers and a letter after them.

First digit denotes the jump class:

1 — jumps from the front stance with forward rotation;

2 - jumps from the back stance with backward rotation;

3 — jumps from the front stance with backward rotation;

4 - jumps from the back stance with forward rotation;

5 — jumps with rotation in two planes with screws;

6 - jumping from a handstand.

Second digit can take the value 1 or 0. The number 1 indicates that the jump has a flight phase, and the number 0 indicates that there is no flight phase. In handstand jumps, the second number indicates the class or direction to which the jump belongs:

1 - front;

2 - rear;

3 - with backward rotation from the front stance.

In the spiral jump class, the second number indicates the class or direction of take-off.

Third digit shows the number of half turns performed.

Fourth digit in spinning and handstand jumping classes, it means the number of half-twists performed.

The letter at the end of the jump number indicates the position in which the jump is performed:

A - straight;

B - bent over;

C - in a group;

D - free.

All individual and synchronized diving competitions must include six dives. Jumps should not be repeated.

After the referee's signal, the athlete must take a starting position (free and independent). For example, when jumping from a standing position, the body should be straight, the head should be straight, and the arms should be straight in any position.

If a running jump is performed, it must be smooth, aesthetically pleasing and continuous until the end of the springboard or platform, with the last step being taken from one foot and always without bouncing before take-off.

The take-off from the springboard must be performed with both legs at the same time. Taking off in a jump from the front stance in front to back from the platform can be done with one leg.

During flight, the jump position should be aesthetically pleasing at all times.

The jump is considered complete when the jumper's entire body is completely below the surface of the water.

Diving pool and equipment

The same pool is used for diving and swimming competitions, so their parameters will be identical: width 21 meters and length from 18 to 22 meters. However, FINA rules specify a minimum depth of the diving pool of 4.5 m and a minimum illumination of 1 m above the water surface of 500 lux.

The diving tower is equipped with platforms with a width of 0.6 m to 3 m located at a height of 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 m. The platforms are made of reinforced concrete, covered with hardwood, and covered with an anti-slip coating on top.

The springboards are made of duralumin alloy, which ensures maximum spring properties. The height of the springboard ranges from 1 to 3 meters above the water surface, width - 0.5 m, length - 4.8 m. According to FINA rules, the front edge of the springboard must be 1.5 m from the edge of the pool.

In addition, at diving competitions, a device is used to mechanically agitate the surface of the water. This is necessary for the athlete to better assess the distance to the water surface.

Many people ask “Why do athletes get into a small warm pool after a jump?”, all this is done for reasons of hygiene and to maintain muscle tone.

Equipment

Equipment for male jumpers is swimming trunks with cuffs around the legs, for women - a one-piece swimsuit of the established standard from swimming companies with which FINA and the European Swimming League cooperate. The material of diving equipment should be more durable than swimmers' clothing.

Types of diving

There are several groups into which all sports jumps are classified:

• Front (facing the water);
• Rear (back to the water);
• Handstand.

Availability of take-off run

• Standing jump;
• Running jump.

Body position

• Bent over - straight legs connected together;
• Bent over - the torso is bent at the waist, legs are straight;
• In a tuck, the knees are pulled together towards the body, the hands clasp the lower part of the legs.

Turns and screws

• Half-turn - a jump with body rotation around the transverse axis by 180 degrees;
• Turnover - a jump with body rotation around a transverse axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4.5 turns;
• Half-screw - a jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180 degrees;
• Screw - a jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 360 degrees; there are also jumps with 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 screws.

Combining various elements allows you to perform more than 60 variations of a springboard jump and more than 90 from a tower.

Judging

Diving competitions are regulated by a referee through the assistance of assistant referees, judges and the secretariat.

The formation of panels of judges is carried out in accordance with the Qualification requirements for sports judges in the sport of diving.

In the case where there are eleven judges, five judges evaluate the synchronization of the execution of the jump, three evaluate the execution of the jump of one jumper, and three of the other.

Five judges may be used in all individual and team events, and in synchronous events- nine judges. Five judges evaluate the synchronization of the jump, two judges evaluate the performance of one jumper, and two - the other. Diving is scored on a 10-point system.

Two independent secretaries (first and second) keep and store the minutes of the competition.

Diving competitions

Olympic Games- the most prestigious diving competition.

The World Diving Championships is a competition between the national teams of countries belonging to the International Swimming Federation (FINA).

European Championship - competition between national teams European countries members of the International Swimming Federation (FINA).

We tried to cover the topic as completely as possible, so this information can be safely used when preparing messages, reports on physical education and essays on the topic “Diving”.

Cliff diving is a type of diving that will take your breath away. Jumping into open water takes place with high altitude, therefore, only the bravest and most prepared people decide on them.

This type of sport is actively developing, experienced swimmers participate in world-class competitions, gathering many fans of this risky and spectacular diving.

Basic Concepts

High diving (another name for cliff diving) is a sport that requires a sheer cliff (as translated from in English the word "cliff"), under which it spills open water, with a depth of 5 meters. There are many similar places on earth, each of which captivates with its beauty and risk. They are organizing there sporting events, during which the most daring and advanced divers compete in skill.

“Cliff” and “high” are two types of diving, differing very conditionally, therefore they are used on equal terms. High diving involves jumping into the water from specially built scaffolding, and cliff diving involves diving directly from the rocks.

History of origin

The history of cliff diving begins in Hawaii, whose steep cliffs seem to be created for diving into the water. This entertainment appeared many years ago among local residents, who similarly competed in courage and courage. For many decades, this ritual was used to confirm the maturation of young men.

Such diving was also common in the Balkans, where residents jumped into the water from a bridge 20 meters high.

At the beginning of the 20th century, all mention of cliff diving disappeared, only to reappear in the 80s. years. At this time, athletes united in interest groups, traveling to picturesque corners to perform risky jumps. Significant results were achieved by the American Wardle, who conquered a height of 37 meters; a little later, her record was broken by a Swiss citizen who dived into the water from a height of 53.9 meters.

In 1996, this area of ​​the sport acquired official features; the High Diving Federation was created in Switzerland, bringing together professionals and amateurs of this sport under its wing.

For more than ten years this type of diving had no official calling, but in 2009 the first World Series was held under the auspices of Red Bull GmbH. And in 2013, a cliff diving championship was held, with strict rules for the maximum height of diving: women - from a 20-meter cliff, men - from a 27-meter cliff.

Every year the number of stages held increases. Eg, in 2015 there were already 8 of them. In 2016, citizens of England, Russia and the USA took prizes.

Differences from diving

Diving and cliff diving have no fundamental differences. Both types of sports competitions involve performing a trick in strict accordance with established rules.

The general criteria for evaluating jumps are:

• technical indicators;
• literacy of the executed figures;
• moment of entering the water.

Distinctive features of cliff diving from regular diving from a tower:

• the height of the jumps performed is 2 times higher than the maximum possible parameters of the Olympic disciplines: for men from 22 to 27 meters, for women from 18 to 23 meters;
• the speed developed at the moment of entering the water can range from 75 to 100 km/h (for example, from a tower 10 meters high, this speed is only 50 km/h);
• the depth of immersion can reach 4.5 meters, which is 1.5 more than during ski jumping;
• the time the diver spends in flight is 3 seconds, which is 2 times longer than a normal dive;
• entering the water with your feet down;
• holding competitions only in open spaces;
• The impact force of the body at the moment of contact with water is 9 times more powerful than during a jump from a tower.

If a swimmer enters the water incorrectly when jumping from a cliff more than 20 meters high, he can suffer injuries comparable in severity to a fall from 13 meters.

Features of diving

Exists misconception about the ease of performing such jumps, but in reality everything is more complicated. Among the adherents of cliff diving, there are beginners and amateurs, virtuosos and professionals. It is not difficult to isolate them from each other, at least in terms of execution technique (for example, beginners jump exclusively in the “soldier” pose, without performing additional tricks). Experienced divers always show risky elements and enter the water head down.

The maximum jump height depends on the athlete’s level of preparedness and can exceed 30 meters.

Difficulty performing tricks :

1. Immersion in water that takes place under severe overloads, requiring the diver to maintain a vertical body position. Otherwise, the person may be seriously injured.
2. Difficulties in calculating the trajectory of the dive, arising from the high height of the jump.
3. Planning acrobatic tricks, which have no more than 3 seconds to perform.

Beginner divers hone their skills without tricks, while professionals can perform from 3 to 7 elements during the flight.

The Cliff Diving Federation has developed a unified list of jumps, which describes 149 of their varieties, as well as specifications acrobatics and features of athletes entering the water.

In order for the cliff diver to determine the estimated landing point, a jet emitted from a fire nozzle is used. And for insurance, there are specially trained divers who swim nearby and, at the first need, are able to get the diver out of the water.

The best places to jump

Cliff diving is a leader among other sports in terms of its entertainment value. The picturesque surrounding landscapes add a special highlight to it.

The most spectacular jumps are performed on:

• Jamaica: Rick's Cafe;
• Hawaii: Kahekili's Leap;
• Australia: Ord River;
• USA, Vermont;
• Canada: Horseshoe Lake;
• Ireland: Serpent's Lair.

Particularly interesting is the diving that takes place in water with sharp rock formations located underneath. The athlete has a high risk of collision with them and instant death.

To enjoy the skills of cliff divers, you can go to the following countries:

• Krabi Island, Thailand: here jumps are performed among picturesque rocks, cut with caves and rich in waterfalls;
• the vicinity of the city of Kimberley in Australia: this area is distinguished by multi-level heights of rocks and gorges;
• Santorini island in Greece: alluring with the beauty of turquoise waves and medium-height elevations from which divers perform dangerous tricks. Beginners are more common here, because professionals work at more serious heights.

What is so attractive about cliff diving?

A person who chooses cliff diving undergoes a lot of training to prepare his body for this risky event:

• jumping in the pool from towers of different heights;
• introduction to the basics of acrobatics, performing twists and somersaults;
• increasing personal endurance;
• strengthening the muscle corset.

All these measures are necessary to ensure the safety of the diver entering the water at a speed of 100 km/h, which requires full muscle tension to maintain an even body position. Any mistake could result in serious injury.

In addition to physical training, psychological training is important. A man diving into the water from a high cliff struggles with himself, his own fears and emotions. Control of the latter allows you to carry out your plans as accurately and safely as possible.

Why is this type of diving so attractive? The jump performed by a diver causes a large amount of adrenaline to be released into his blood and a persistent increase in blood pressure. Moreover, such emotions are experienced not only by the athlete himself, but also by the spectators watching his work. The single moment that a jump lasts is the result of years of hard training to achieve perfection.

The following dangers await a cliff diver:

• gusts of wind that disrupt the chosen trajectory and provoke the occurrence of traumatic situations;
• loss of coordination, threatening irreversible consequences;
• prolongation of the time of performing tricks, preventing the correct entry into the water.

One failed jump can, if not kill a person, then turn him away from the sport forever. Therefore, there are no more than 100 professionals in their field all over the world.

Cliff diving competition

True connoisseurs of cliff diving are not stopped by danger, risks or fear. Especially for these people, as well as connoisseurs of spectator sports, competitions are held that are highly popular.

In cliff diving it is difficult to predict the winner. Any athlete can perform a jump with incredible trick elements and land so precisely that he will become a champion in an instant. Therefore, hundreds and thousands of people flock to the venues for the annual competitions.

Cliff jumping competitions are organized under the leadership of International Federation this sport, which is completely autonomous. This organization conducts world and European stages called the International Cliff Diving Championship.

In addition, competitions around the world are held by Red Bull, they are called Cliff Diving World Series. Since 2013, there has been a World High Diving Championship. The first took place in Barcelona, ​​the second in Kazan, where bronze medal Russian citizen Artem Silchenko was awarded.

Separately, it is worth noting the Cliff Diving World Cup, which brings together only eminent athletes whose jumps amaze with their riskiness and refinement of movements. In 2015, the representative of the Russian Federation took first place, beating well-known favorites.

How are jumps scored?

Cliff diving competitions are held in strict accordance with developed standards and requirements for performing jumps and stunt elements.

Grades are given as follows:

• The competition is judged by five people, each of whom represents their country;
• the technique and complexity of the elements performed are assessed separately;
• the scoring system has 10 points;
• the step can be 0.5 and 0.25 points;
• during the calculation, the smallest and largest indicators are not taken, the remaining points are summed up and the resulting result is multiplied by a coefficient that determines the difficulty of the jump.

Judges evaluate diving based on the following criteria:

1. The qualities of the jump: the height of its implementation, the athlete’s starting position, the force and angle of the jump, the position of the body at the moment of the push are analyzed.
2. Performed figures: coups, rotations, somersaults and other acrobatic elements, as well as the placement of limbs at the time of its implementation.
3. Entries into the water: verticality of the body, position of the arms, deviation from the initial trajectory and the amount of splashes created.

If an athlete makes mistakes, he is given penalty points. Complexity is assessed using a coefficient that consists of several components. Its basis is the height of the cliff from which the jump is made. This is what the judges use as a starting point, assessing the duration of the flight and the number of figures performed by the diver.

Cliff diving is still in an amateur niche, so its development is taking small steps. High diving can become a mass sport only if it is classified as Olympic disciplines. But the people who perform jumps from steep cliffs are real professionals who get adrenaline and give the audience a storm of emotions and a spectacle of indescribable beauty. We also remind you that here in St. Petersburg you can pass and receive a real full-fledged NDL diver certificate. We also conduct

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Jumping into water from great heights is becoming increasingly popular. For the sake of such extreme sports, many spectators are ready to gather near the TV screens and watch the Olympic competitions

In addition, against this background, a lot of controversy arises about whether there are many such daredevils who can engage in this sport at various Olympics and so on. This all arises due to the fact that many people love extreme sports and are ready to do crazy things for this.

Diving for girls - a special approach to classes

In the last two seasons, girls began to compete in diving. Such jumps are performed from a height that reaches twenty meters. In terms of height, this corresponds to jumping from a bridge. If the jumps are performed by men, then seven-meter extension towers can be installed to such a bridge.

Many people argue about whether high diving can be called a sport? There are discrepancies here, because on the one hand, high diving is a sport, and on the other, the opposite can be said. Speaking on average, they are pure extreme.

And if we compare jumps that are performed from a bungee and jumps that are performed from towers, then jumps from towers are more difficult. Also, to perform jumps from a height of ten meters, many try to enter the water head down, since such an entry is more difficult than simply entering upside down.

Spin - because this will be your success during the dive

Gary Hunt is a leader in diving. Every time he tries to make the jumps more difficult. He performs great and very difficult combinations. He managed to turn around three times while jumping, performing 4.5 spins. But his record was recently broken by another American, Steve Lobu. He performed a jump that cost 5.1, and his second jump cost 5.4.

• Hunt was always respected because he always tried to invent something new and new. These were both easy and difficult combinations in which he performed amazing spins. It is very difficult to do such tricks while diving because you can lose control. That is, for such combinations you need to be not only brave and courageous, but also have a “cool head”.

As for Lobu, he moved along a more primitive path. First, he managed to master jumping from a height of twenty-seven meters, while performing revolutions. It is also important to make half screws, since they will only make the combination easier. By doing everything correctly, you can avoid “blind” entries into the water. Only when Lob managed to perform the jumps perfectly and such a height no longer seemed scary to him, he tried to perform five revolutions with the same jump, but at the same time using the back stance.

The whole fear here is that these combinations and their execution take too much time, and there may simply not be enough time to enter the water correctly. But, based on practice, no matter how complex the athletes’ combinations are, the one whose jumps are simpler wins the competition. Articles report this diving games.

The diving championships are held by FINA. From one thousand nine hundred and four, such a sport as diving began to appear at the Olympic Games and until today World championships are held in this sport.

A memorable event was Olympic Games 1988 diving. As for synchronized jumps, they were first included in the games program in the year 2000. Judging is carried out by nine judges. Four judges evaluate the technique of the elements and how difficult it is to perform a given combination.

As for the rest of the Judges, they were assessing synchronicity. Judges give scores ranging from zero to ten points. Then the best and worst ratings are filtered out. Thus, the average score is derived.

Olympic and diving game from towers- What's the Difference? Jumping can be performed both from springboards and from towers. But what is the difference between ski jumping and platform jumping? As for ski jumping, the athlete first swings before jumping and only then jumps into the water, while platform diving does not require any swinging. Such a tower is strictly fixed.

• Diving boards are installed at a height of 1 meter or 3 meters. As for the tower, it is installed at a height of 5 meters, 7.5 meters and 10 meters.
• When performing a jump, the athlete must be facing the water. There are also jumps that are performed with your back to the pool. There are also jumps that require a preliminary run-up.

Diving sections for children

In order to achieve results in this sport, it takes quite a few years, so if you are interested in this sport, then no one is stopping you from sending your child there or starting it for you personally.