The transverse spinalis muscle attaches to the bone. Let's explore our body: the spinous muscles of the back and their importance for the body. Splenius neck muscle

The transverse spinalis muscle is located medially to the erector spinae muscle and is covered by it. The transverse spinous muscle follows along the entire spinal column and fills the depression between the spinous and transverse processes. For prevention, drink Transfer Factor. This muscle has oblique direction relatively short muscle bundles that spread from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones. The muscle bundles of the transverse spinalis muscle have different lengths and, spreading across a different number of vertebrae, form individual muscles: the semispinalis, multifidus and rotator cuff muscles. Each of these muscles is also divided into separate muscles, named after their location on the dorsal side of the torso, neck and occipital region of the head. The transverse spinalis muscle belongs to the deep muscles of the back and represents their middle layer.

The superficial layer of the transverse spinalis muscle is the semispinalis muscle, the bundles of which spread across four to six vertebrae. It distinguishes between the head, cervical and thoracic sections. The muscle begins from the transverse processes of the six lower cervical and all thoracic vertebrae. The attachment point for the muscle is the spinous processes of the six lower cervical vertebrae and the nuchal area of ​​the occipital bone. The semispinalis muscle looks like long muscle bundles. When all fascicles contract, the semispinalis muscle extends upper sections spinal column, pulls the head back, keeping it in a tilted position. With unilateral contraction, it produces slight rotation. The semispinalis pectoralis muscle originates on the transverse processes of the six lower thoracic vertebrae and is attached to the spinous processes of the four upper thoracic and two lower cervical vertebrae. Each bundle is thrown over 5-7 vertebrae. The origin of the semispinalis cervicis muscle is the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae. This muscle is attached to the spinous processes of the V-II cervical vertebrae. Its bundles spread across 2-5 vertebrae. The semispinalis capitis muscle begins on the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae, lateral to the long muscles of the head and neck. This muscle is attached to the occipital bone between the upper and lower nuchal lines. In the middle of the muscle there is a tendon plate. The muscle at the back is covered by the splenius and longissimus capitis muscles. Deeper and anterior to the semispinalis capitis muscle lies the semispinalis capitis muscle.

The middle layer of the transverse spinalis muscle consists of multifidus muscles, the bundles of which spread across two to four vertebrae. The muscles begin on the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae and back surface sacrum. The place of their attachment is the spinous processes of all cervical, except the atlas, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Bundles of multifidus muscles are thrown across 2-4 vertebrae. They lie directly in front of the semispinalis and longissimus muscles and are almost completely covered by the semispinalis muscle. The multifidus muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis and participate in its extension and tilt to the side.

The deep layer of the transverse spinalis muscle consists of the rotator cuff muscles. Their bundles connect adjacent vertebrae. These muscles are divided into cervical rotators, thoracic rotators, and lumbar rotators. The origins of all muscles are located on all vertebrae except the atlas. Spreading over one vertebra, the rotator cuff muscles are attached to the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, as well as to the adjacent parts of their arches. The rotator cuff muscles are better developed in the cervical and lumbar spine, which are characterized by the greatest mobility. In the thoracic part of the spine, these muscles are weakly expressed or may be absent. The rotator muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis. According to the length of the fascicles, the rotator muscles are divided into long and short. The long rotator muscles start from the transverse processes and attach to the bases of the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, spreading across one vertebra. The rotator cuff muscles are located between adjacent vertebrae.

Transverse spinalis muscle, m. transversospinal, covered by m. erector spinae and fills the depression between the spinous and transverse processes along the entire spinal column. Relatively short muscle bundles have an oblique direction, spreading from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones. Based on the length of the muscle bundles, i.e., according to the number of vertebrae through which the muscle bundles are thrown, three parts are distinguished in the transverse spinalis muscle: a) semispinalis muscle, the bundles of which are thrown through 5-6 vertebrae or more; it is located more superficially; b) multifidus muscles, the bundles of which are thrown through 2-4 vertebrae; they are covered by the semispinalis muscle; c) rotator muscles, the bundles of which occupy the deepest position and are attached to the spinous process of the overlying vertebra or are transferred to the next overlying vertebra.

A) Semispinalis muscle, m. semispinalis, is topographically divided into the following parts:

semispinalis pectoralis muscle, m. semispinalis thoracis, located between the transverse processes of the six lower and spinous processes of the seven upper thoracic vertebrae; in this case, each bundle is thrown over five to seven vertebrae;

semispinalis muscle of the neck, m. semispinalis cervici, lies between the transverse processes of the upper thoracic and spinous processes of the six lower cervical vertebrae. Its bundles extend across two to five vertebrae;

semispinalis capitis muscle, m. semispinalis capitis, lies between the transverse processes of the five upper thoracic vertebrae and 3-4 lower cervical vertebrae on one side and the nuchal platform of the occipital bone on the other. This muscle has lateral and medial parts; the medial part in the muscle belly is interrupted by a tendon bridge.

Function: when all bundles contract, the muscle extends the upper parts of the spinal column and pulls the head backwards or holds it in a tilted position; with unilateral contraction, slight rotation occurs.

Innervation: rr. dorsales nn. spinales (CII-CV; ThI-ThXII).

b) Multifidus muscles, mm. multifidi, covered by semispinalis, and in lumbar region- the lumbar part of the longissimus muscle. Muscle bundles are located throughout the spinal column between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae (up to the 2nd cervical), spreading across 2, 3 or 4 vertebrae.

Muscle bundles begin from the posterior surface of the sacrum, the posterior segment of the iliac crest, the mastoid processes of the lumbar, the transverse processes of the thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae; end on the spinous processes of all vertebrae except the atlas.

Innervation: rr. dorsales nn. spinales (CII-SI).

c) Rotator muscles, mm. rotatores are the deepest part of the transverse spinalis muscles and are topographically divided into rotator cuffs. mm. rotatores cervicis, chest rotators, mm. rotatores thoracis, and lumbar rotators, mm. rotatores lumborum.

They begin from the transverse processes of all vertebrae, except the atlas, and from the mastoid processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Throwing over one vertebra, they attach to the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, to adjacent segments of their arches and to the base of the arches of neighboring vertebrae.

Function: the transverse spinalis muscle, with bilateral contraction, extends the spinal column, and with unilateral contraction, it rotates it in the direction opposite to the contracting muscle.

Innervation: nn. spinales (CII-LV).

  • - a muscle formed by striated muscle tissue from which human skeletal muscles are built. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton and carry out the movements of the bones...

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"Transversospinalis muscle" in books

The inspiration muscle

From the book Playing in the Void. Mythology of many faces author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

The muscle of inspiration People with so-called charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished high level energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. This

3. PUBOCOCCOGYGEUS MUSCLE AND “QI MUSCLE”

From the book Improving Female Sexual Energy by Chia Mantak

3. THE PUBOCOCcygeal MUSCLE AND THE “QI MUSCLE” Around the periphery of the vagina, at a depth of about one finger joint, you can feel the edge of the pubococcygeus muscle, sometimes called the “muscle of love” (Fig. 2-5). The contraction of the vagina is the compression pubococcygeus muscle. You surely

Myth: The penis is not a muscle

From the book Exercises for Penis Enlargement by Kemmer Aaron

Myth: The penis is not a muscle Fact: The penis is approximately 50% smooth muscle. “There are no exercises to strengthen the penis because the penis is not a muscle,” writes Rachel Swift in her book, The Satisfaction Guarantee. Although this statement is accepted by the majority

THE LONGEST LIVING TREE IS THE BROWN PINE

From the book 100 Great Wildlife Records author Nepomnyashchiy Nikolai Nikolaevich

THE LONGEST LIVING TREE IS THE BROWN PINE The Latin name for the pine is “pinus”, which means rock. Pine amazes people with its ability to grow on bare rocks, or maybe because it was considered hard as a rock. However, this is groundless - pine is a soft

How long does it take for a muscle to die?

From the book Oddities of our body - 2 by Juan Stephen

How long does it take for a muscle to die? (Asked by Sam Gardner, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) Distinguish between somatic and cellular death. The first one comes first. Somatic death is the death of the entire organism. At the same time, human life can only be maintained with the help of medical

Deltoid

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DE) by the author TSB

Calf muscle

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IK) by the author TSB

gracilis, e – thin (muscle, bundle)

From the author's book

gracilis, e – thin (muscle, tuft) Approximate pronunciation: gracilis.Z: A model walks, sways, Sighing as she walks: “The catwalk ends, Now I’m going to fall!” Or: “In THIN heels with GRACE I no longer

musculus anconeus – elbow muscle

From the author's book

musculus anconeus - elbow muscle Approximate pronunciation: ankOneus.Z: In the village there lived one strong man, He played a boulder like a ball, He walked through the water with a tank, And he drove a plow without a horse. And so I wandered into the tankodrome to find out where the clang and thunder came from. The tankers decided to play a joke and the tank hit the guy

musculus gastrocnemius – calf muscle

From the author's book

musculus gastrocnemius - calf muscle Approximate pronunciation: gastrocnemius.Z: There is a picket at GASTRONEMUS. I WILL COME TO HIM with a poster. “Give me CAVIAR!” and in another way: “Give us GASTROKNEMIUS!!!” A picket at a grocery store regarding the lack of caviar is a clear indicator of a high level

Muscle of love

From the book Improving Male Sexual Energy by Chia Mantak

The muscle of love Below the surface of the visible genitals is located in the form of a figure eight, the pubococcygeus muscle, or “muscle of love.” The pubococcygeus muscle surrounds the urethra, vagina and anus. Some sexologists believe that it is good

Your brain is a muscle

From the book Myths about a woman's age by Blair Pamela D.

Your brain is a muscle “Women who believe in themselves are stimulated by their years. We are the repository of the experience and wisdom of our time." * * *The previously generally accepted idea that the brain declines over the years is completely false. Scientists have concluded that new brain cells can

33. Muscle of inspiration

From the book The Self-Liberating Game author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

33. Muscle of inspiration People with the so-called. charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. It's easy

30:20-26 Pharaoh's broken arm

From the book New Bible Commentary Part 2 (Old Testament) by Carson Donald

30:20-26 Pharaoh's Broken Muscle At the time of the prophecy (April 587), the population of Jerusalem had already been under siege by Babylonian forces for a year. This prophecy conveys the idea that any hope of deliverance from the Babylonians with the help of a new

How does the air muscle work?

From the book Creating an Android Robot with Your Own Hands by Lovin John

How the Air Muscle Works The air muscle is a long tube shaped like a black plastic sleeve. A soft rubber tube is placed inside the sleeve. There are metal clips attached to each end. Each end of the plastic sleeve is folded into

The transverse spinous muscle follows along the entire spinal column and fills the depression between the spinous and transverse processes

The transverse spinous muscle follows along the entire spinal column and fills the depression between the spinous and transverse processes. This muscle has an oblique direction of relatively short muscle bundles, spreading from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones.

The muscle bundles of the transverse spinalis muscle have different lengths and, spreading over a varying number of vertebrae, form separate muscles: semispinalis, multifidus and rotator cuffs.

Each of these muscles is also divided into separate muscles, named after their location on the dorsal side of the torso, neck and occipital region of the head.

The transverse spinalis muscle belongs to the deep muscles of the back and represents their middle layer. The transverse spinalis muscle is located medially to the erector spinae muscle and is covered by it. The superficial layer of the transverse spinalis muscle is the semispinalis muscle

, the bundles of which spread across four to six vertebrae. The semispinalis muscle looks like long muscle bundles.

When all fascicles contract, the semispinalis muscle extends the upper parts of the spinal column, pulls the head backward, keeping it in a tilted position. With unilateral contraction, it produces slight rotation.

It distinguishes between the head, cervical and thoracic sections. The semispinalis capitis muscle begins on the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae, external to the long muscles of the capitis and neck. This muscle is attached to the occipital bone between the upper and lower nuchal lines. In the middle of the muscle there is a tendon plate. The muscle at the back is covered by the splenius and longissimus capitis muscles

. Deeper and anterior to the semispinalis capitis muscle lies the semispinalis capitis muscle. The origin of the semispinalis cervicis muscle is the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic vertebrae

The semispinalis pectoralis muscle originates on the transverse processes of the six lower thoracic vertebrae and is attached to the spinous processes of the four upper thoracic and two lower cervical vertebrae. Each bundle is thrown over 5-7 vertebrae.

The middle layer of the transverse spinalis muscle consists of multifidus muscles, the bundles of which spread across two to four vertebrae . The muscles begin on the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae and the posterior surface of the sacrum.The place of their attachment is the spinous processes of all cervical, except the atlas, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Bundles of multifidus muscles are thrown across 2-4 vertebrae. They lie directly in front of the semispinalis and longissimus muscles and are almost completely covered by the semispinalis muscle. The multifidus muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis and participate in its extension and tilt to the side.

The deep layer of the transverse spinalis muscle consists of the rotator cuff muscles. Their bundles connect adjacent vertebrae. These muscles are divided into cervical rotators, thoracic rotators, lumbar rotators.

The origins of all muscles are located on all vertebrae except the atlas. Spreading over one vertebra, the rotator cuff muscles are attached to the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, as well as to the adjacent parts of their arches. The rotator cuff muscles are better developed in the cervical and lumbar spine, which are characterized by the greatest mobility.

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In the thoracic part of the spine, these muscles are weakly expressed or may be absent. The rotator muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis. According to the length of the fascicles, the rotator muscles are divided into long and short. Long rotator cuff muscles they begin from the transverse processes and attach to the bases of the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, spreading over one vertebra. Rotator brevis muscles located between adjacent vertebrae. published

The back muscles are considered the most developed muscles in our body. The back muscles consist of deep and superficial. They themselves consist of numerous intertwined fibers.

This entire structure responds perfectly to fairly high loads. In addition, the back muscles are paired, which is why the back is a very strong part of the body. And with the right set of training, even a person who is not a gifted athlete can develop them.

In this article you can learn more about the anatomy of the spinal muscles. About their varieties and structure. About the functions performed by each muscle group. And also a little about what ailments the back can be vulnerable to.

Back zones

The structure of human muscles In accordance with the specific arrangement of muscle fibers, five main areas of the back are distinguished; it is the superficial muscles that determine their contours. The rear surface of the case is divided into:

  • Spinal section.
  • Scapular section.
  • Subscapular area.
  • Lumbar area.
  • Sacral section.

Since all back muscles have a multilayer structure, there are two types of fibers:

  • located on the surface;
  • lying in deep layers.

Superficial back muscles

This type of muscle fiber attaches to the shoulders. So, let's look at each muscle in more detail. human body.

Trapezius muscle

The trapezius muscle is flat, triangular in shape, with a wide base facing the posterior midline, occupies the upper and posterior region of the neck. It begins with short tendon bundles from the external occipital protrusion, the medial third of the superior nuchal line of the nuchal bone, from the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the 7th cervical vertebra and all thoracic vertebrae, and from the supraspinous ligament.

From the origin, the muscle bundles are directed, noticeably converging, in the lateral direction and attached to the bones of the shoulder girdle. The superior muscle bundles pass downwards and laterally, ending on the posterior surface of the outer third of the clavicle.

The middle bundles are oriented horizontally, extend outward from the spinous processes of the vertebrae and are attached to the acromion and scapular spine.

The lower muscle bundles follow upward and laterally, passing into the tendon plate, which is attached to the scapular spine. Tendon origin trapezius muscles s is more pronounced at the level of the lower border of the neck, where the muscle is widest. At the level of the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra, the muscles of both sides form a well-defined tendon area, which is found in the form of a depression in a living person.

The trapezius muscle is located superficially throughout its entire length, its upper lateral edge forms the posterior side of the lateral triangle of the neck. The lower lateral border of the trapezius muscle crosses the latissimus dorsi muscle and the medial border of the scapula externally, forming the medial border of the so-called auscultation triangle.

The lower border of the latter runs along the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle, and the lateral border runs along the lower edge of the rhomboid major muscle (the dimensions of the triangle increase when bent forward in a shoulder joint hand when the scapula moves laterally and anteriorly).

Function: simultaneous contraction of all parts of the trapezius muscle with a fixed spine brings the scapula closer to the spine; the upper muscle bundles raise the scapula; the upper and lower bundles, while simultaneously contracting, forming a pair of forces, rotate the scapula around the sagittal axis: the lower angle of the scapula moves forward and in the lateral direction, and the lateral angle moves upward and medially.

With a strengthened scapula and contraction on both sides, the muscle extends the cervical spine and tilts the head back; with unilateral contraction, it slightly turns the face in the opposite direction.

Latissimus dorsi muscle

The latissimus dorsi muscle is flat, triangular in shape, and occupies the lower half of the back on the corresponding side. The muscle lies superficially, with the exception of the upper edge, which is hidden under the lower part of the trapezius muscle.

Below, the lateral edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle forms the medial side of the lumbar triangle (the lateral side of this triangle is formed by the edge of the external oblique abdominal muscle, the lower - the iliac crest.

It begins as an aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae (together with the superficial plate of the thoracolumbar fascia), from the iliac crest and the median sacral crest.

The muscle bundles follow upward and laterally, converging towards the lower border of the axillary fossa.

At the top, muscle bundles are attached to the muscle, which start from the lower three to four ribs (they extend between the teeth of the external oblique abdominal muscle) and from the lower angle of the scapula. Covering the lower corner of the scapula from behind with its lower bundles, the latissimus dorsi muscle sharply narrows and spirals around the teres major muscle.

At the posterior edge of the axillary fossa it passes into a flat thick tendon, which is attached to the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Near the place of attachment, the muscle covers from behind the vessels and nerves located in axillary fossa. From big teres muscle separated by a synovial bursa.

Function: brings the arm to the body and turns it inward (pronation), extends the shoulder; lowers the raised hand; if the arms are fixed (on the horizontal bar), the torso is pulled towards them (when climbing, swimming).

Levator scapulae muscle


The levator scapulae muscle begins with tendon bundles from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper three or four cervical vertebrae (between the places of attachment of the middle scalene muscle - in front and the splenius muscle of the neck - in the back).

Moving downward, the muscle attaches to the medial edge of the scapula, between its upper angle and the spine of the scapula. In its upper third the muscle is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and in the lower third by the trapezius muscle.

Immediately anterior to the levator scapulae muscle are the nerve to the rhomboid muscle and the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery.

Function: raises the scapula, simultaneously bringing it closer to the spine; with a strengthened shoulder blade, it tilts the cervical part of the spine in its direction.

Rhomboid minor and major muscles

The rhomboid minor and major muscles often fuse to form one muscle. The rhomboid minor muscle starts from the lower part of the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae and from the supraspinous ligament. Its bundles pass obliquely - from top to bottom and laterally and are attached to the medial edge of the scapula, above the level of the spine of the scapula.

The rhomboid major muscle originates from the spinous processes of the 2-5 thoracic vertebrae; attaches to the medial edge of the scapula - from the level of the spine of the scapula to its lower angle.

The rhomboid muscles, located deeper than the trapezius muscle, themselves cover the posterior superior serratus muscle and partially the erector spinae muscle.

Function: brings the scapula closer to the spine, while simultaneously moving it upward.

upper and lower rear serrations

Two thin flat muscles are attached to the ribs - the superior and inferior serratus posterior. The superior posterior serratus muscle is located in front of the rhomboid muscles, begins in the form of a flat tendon plate from the lower part of the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of the 6-7 cervical and 1-2 thoracic vertebrae.

Directing obliquely from top to bottom and laterally, it is attached with separate teeth to the posterior surface of 2-5 ribs, outward from their corners.

Deep back muscles

The deep back muscles form three layers: superficial, middle and deep.

  • The superficial layer is represented by the splenius capitis muscle, the splenius neck muscle and the erector spinae muscle;
  • The middle layer is the transverse spinalis muscle;
  • The deep layer is formed by the interspinous, intertransverse and suboccipital muscles.

The muscles of the superficial layer, belonging to the type strong muscles, performing predominantly static work. They extend throughout the back and back of the neck from the sacrum to the occipital bone.

The origins and attachments of these muscles occupy large surfaces and therefore, when contracting, the muscles develop great force, holding the spine in an upright position, which serves as a support for the head, ribs, entrails and upper limbs.

The muscles of the middle layer are oriented obliquely, spreading from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

They form several layers, and in the most deep layer muscle bundles are the shortest and are attached to adjacent vertebrae; The more superficial the muscle bundles lie, the longer they are and the greater the number of vertebrae they spread over (from 5 to 6).

In the deepest (third) layer short muscles located between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are not present at all levels of the spine; they are well developed in the most mobile parts of the spinal column: cervical, lumbar and lower thoracic.

This deep layer includes the muscles located in the back of the neck and acting on the atlanto-occipital joint. They are called the suboccipital muscles.

The deep muscles of the back become visible after they are prepared and divided layer by layer superficial muscles the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles are midway between their points of origin and insertion.

Splenius capitis muscle

The splenius capitis muscle is located directly in front of the upper parts sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It starts from the lower half of the nuchal ligament (below the level of the IV cervical vertebra), from the spinous processes of the 7th cervical and the upper three to four thoracic vertebrae.

The bundles of this muscle pass upward and laterally and are attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the rough area under the lateral segment of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. With bilateral contraction, the muscles extend the cervical spine and head; with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns the head in its direction.

Splenius neck muscle

The splenius neck muscle starts from the spinous processes of the 3rd - 4th thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the two or three upper cervical vertebrae, covering from behind the beginning of the fascicles of the levator scapulae muscle. Located in front of the trapezius muscle.

With simultaneous contraction, the muscles extend the cervical part of the spine; with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns the cervical part of the spine in its direction.

Erector spinae muscle

This is the strongest of the autochthonous muscles of the back, extending along the entire length of the spine - from the sacrum to the base of the skull. It lies anterior to the trapezius, rhomboid, serratus posterior, and latissimus dorsi muscles.

The back is covered with a superficial layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. It begins with thick and strong tendon bundles from the dorsal surface of the sacrum, spinous processes, supraspinous ligaments, lumbar, 12th and 11th thoracic vertebrae, posterior segment of the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia.

Part of the tendon bundles, starting in the sacral region, merges with the bundles of the sacrotuberous and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments.

At the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae, the muscle is divided into three tracts: lateral, intermediate and medial. Each tract gets its own name: the lateral one becomes the iliocostalis muscle, the intermediate one becomes the spinalis muscle. Each of these muscles is in turn divided into parts.

The structural features of the erector spinae muscle developed during anthropogenesis in connection with upright posture. The fact that the muscle is highly developed and has a common origin on the bones of the pelvis, and above is divided into separate tracts that attach widely on the vertebrae, ribs and at the base of the skull, can be explained by the fact that it performs the most important function - it holds the body in an upright position.

At the same time, the division of the muscle into separate tracts, the division of the latter into different levels the dorsal side of the body into shorter muscles that have a shorter length between the points of origin and insertion, allowing the muscle to act selectively.

So, for example, when the iliocostal lumbar muscle contracts, the corresponding ribs are pulled downwards and thereby create a support for the manifestation of the force of the diaphragm during its contraction, etc.

Iliocostal muscle

The iliocostalis muscle is the most lateral part of the erector spinae muscle. Starts from the iliac crest, inner surface superficial plate of the thoracolumbar fascia. It runs upward along the posterior surface of the ribs laterally from the corners of the latter to the transverse processes of the lower (12-4) cervical vertebrae.

According to the location of individual parts of the muscle in different areas, it is divided into the iliocostal lumbar muscle, the iliocostal muscle of the chest and the iliocostal muscle of the neck.

The iliocostalis lumborum muscle originates from the iliac crest, the inner surface of the superficial plate of the thoracolumbar fascia, and is attached by separate flat tendons to the angles of the lower six ribs.

The iliocostalis muscle of the pectoralis originates from the lower six ribs, medially from the attachment points of the iliocostalis lumbar muscle. Attaches to the upper six ribs in the area of ​​the corners and to the posterior surface of the transverse process of the 12th cervical vertebra.

The iliocostal muscle of the neck starts from the corners of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th ribs (inward from the attachment points of the iliocostal muscle of the chest). Attaches to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of 6-4 cervical vertebrae.

Together with the rest of the erector spinae muscle, it extends the spine; with unilateral contraction, it tilts the spine in its direction and lowers the ribs. The lower bundles of this muscle, pulling and strengthening the ribs, create support for the diaphragm.

Longissimus muscle

The longissimus muscle is the largest of the three muscles that form the erector spinae muscle. It is located medial to the iliocostal muscle, between it and the spinalis muscle. It contains the longissimus muscles of the chest, neck and head. The longissimus thoracis muscle has the greatest extent.

The muscle originates from the posterior surface of the sacrum, the transverse processes of the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. Attached to the posterior surface of the lower nine ribs, between their tubercles and angles, and to the tips of the transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae (muscle bundles).

The longissimus colli muscle begins with long tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper five thoracic vertebrae. Attaches to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 6-2 cervical vertebrae. The longissimus capitis muscle begins with tendon bundles from the transverse processes of the 1-3 thoracic and 3-7 cervical vertebrae.

It is attached to the posterior surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone under the tendons of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the splenius capitis muscle. The longissimus muscles of the chest and neck extend the spine and tilt it to the side; longissimus muscle The latter straightens its head and turns its face in its direction.

Spinalis muscle

The spinalis muscle is the most medial of the three parts of the erector spinae muscle. Adjacent directly to the spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae. It is divided into the spinalis thoracis muscle, the spinalis muscle of the neck and the spinalis capitis muscle.

The spinous muscle of the chest begins with 3-4 tendons from the spinous processes of the 2nd and 1st lumbar, 12th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. Attached to the spinous processes of the upper eight thoracic vertebrae.

The muscle is fused with the deeper semispinalis muscle of the chest. The spinous muscle of the neck begins from the spinous processes of the 1st and 2nd thoracic 7th cervical vertebrae and the lower segment of the nuchal ligament. Attaches to the spinous process of the 2nd (sometimes 3rd and 4th) cervical vertebra.

The spinalis capitis muscle begins in thin bundles from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae, rises upward and attaches to the occipital bone near the external occipital protuberance. Often this muscle is absent. The spinalis muscle extends the spine.

The function of the entire erector spinae muscle quite accurately reflects its name. Since the component parts of the muscle originate on the vertebrae, it can act as an extensor of the spine and head, being an antagonist of the anterior muscles of the body.

Contracting in separate parts on both sides, this muscle can lower the ribs, straighten the spine, and throw the head back. With unilateral contraction, the spine tilts in the same direction.

The muscle also exhibits greater strength when bending the torso, when it performs yielding work and prevents the body from falling forward under the action of ventrally located muscles, which have a greater lever of action on the spinal column than dorsally located muscles.

Transverse spinalis muscle

This muscle is represented by many layer-by-layer muscle bundles that run obliquely upward from the lateral to the medial side from the transverse to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

The muscle bundles of the transverse spinalis muscle are of unequal length and, spreading across a different number of vertebrae, form separate muscles: the semispinalis, multifidus and rotator cuff muscles.

At the same time, according to the area occupied along the spinal column, each of these muscles is in turn divided into separate muscles, named after their location on the dorsal side of the body of the neck and occipital region.

In this sequence, individual parts of the transverse spinalis muscle are considered. The semispinalis muscle has the form of long muscle bundles, starts from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae, spreads across four to six vertebrae and is attached to the spinous processes. Divided into the semispinalis muscles of the chest, neck and head.

The semispinalis muscle of the pectoralis originates from the transverse processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae; attaches to the spinous processes of the four upper thoracic and two lower cervical vertebrae.

The semispinalis muscle of the neck originates from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae; attaches to the spinous processes of the 5-2 cervical vertebrae.

The semispinalis capitis muscle is broad, thick, and starts from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae (outward from the long muscles of the head and neck); attaches to the occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.

The muscle at the back is covered by the splenius and longissimus capitis muscles; deeper and anterior to it lies the semispinalis muscle of the neck. The semispinalis muscles of the chest and neck extend the thoracic and cervical sections of the spinal column; with unilateral contraction, the indicated sections are rotated in the opposite direction.

The semispinalis capitis muscle throws the head back, turning (with unilateral contraction) the face in the opposite direction. Multifidus muscles are muscle-tendon bundles that begin from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae and are attached to the spinous processes of the overlying ones.

These muscles, spreading across two to four vertebrae, occupy grooves on the sides of the spinous processes of the vertebrae along the entire length of the spinal column, starting from the sacrum to the 2nd cervical vertebra. They lie immediately anterior to the semispinalis and longissimus muscles. The multifidus muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis and participate in its extension and tilt to the side.

Muscles - rotators of the neck, chest and lower back

The rotator cuff muscles of the neck, chest and lower back make up the deepest layer of the back muscles, occupying the groove between the spinous and transverse processes.

The rotator cuff muscles are better expressed within thoracic spinal column. According to the length of the fascicles, the rotator muscles are divided into long and short.

The long rotator muscles start from the transverse processes and attach to the bases of the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, spreading across one vertebra. The rotator cuff muscles are located between adjacent vertebrae.

The rotator muscles rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis. The interspinous muscles of the neck, chest and lower back connect the spinous processes of the vertebrae to each other, starting from the 2nd cervical and below.

They are better developed in the cervical and lumbar parts of the spinal column, which are characterized by the greatest mobility. In the thoracic part of the spine, these muscles are weakly expressed (may be absent).

Interspinous muscles

The interspinous muscles are involved in the extension of the corresponding parts of the spine. The intertransverse muscles of the lower back, chest and neck are represented by short bundles that spread between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Better expressed at the level of the lumbar and cervical spine. The intertransverse lumbar muscles are divided into lateral and medial. In the neck area, there are anterior (spread between the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes) and posterior intertransverse neck muscles. The latter have a medial part and a lateral part.

Myositis of the back muscles is a possible disease of the back muscles

Myositis is inflammation of the muscles of the neck, chest, hip or back. The disease affects one or more muscles at the same time. Myositis causes pain and leads to the formation of nodules in the muscles.

Without proper treatment, the disease enters the chronic stage. Myositis is inflammation of the muscles of the neck, chest, hip or back. The disease affects one or more muscles at the same time. Myositis causes pain and leads to the formation of nodules in the muscles. Without proper treatment, the disease enters the chronic stage.

What is myositis

Myositis is an inflammatory process in skeletal muscles. The most common myositis occurs in the muscles of the back, shoulders and neck. If the disease affects not only the muscles, but also the skin, the doctor diagnoses dermatomyositis.

Depending on the number of muscles affected, local myositis and polymyositis are distinguished. One muscle group suffers from local myositis. Polymyositis affects several muscle groups.

Myositis has two stages: acute and chronic. Acute myositis occurs suddenly, after injury or major physical activity. Without treatment or with improper treatment, myositis develops into chronic form and regularly bothers a person: muscles ache during hypothermia, changes in weather, or prolonged exercise.

Causes of myositis

The disease occurs due to muscle overstrain or injury, severe muscle cramps, hypothermia, intensive training. Inflammation of the back muscles develops due to infectious diseases: influenza, ARVI, chronic tonsillitis, sore throat, rheumatism.

Other causes of myositis include: metabolic disorders, gout, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, osteochondrosis.

Myositis affects people who work in a certain position and strain the same muscle group: pianists, violinists, drivers, programmers.

Types of spinal muscle myositis


  1. Cervical myositis. The most common type of disease. Occurs due to a cold, overstrain of the neck muscles or being in an uncomfortable position for a long time. The pain is felt on one side of the neck, the person cannot turn his head freely.
  2. Myositis of the back muscles. The pain is localized in the lower back, so the disease is often confused with lumbago. With myositis, the pain is not so sharp, aching. It does not go away at rest, it intensifies with movement and palpation. lumbar muscles. Inflammation of the back muscles often occurs during pregnancy due to increased stress on the lower back.
  3. Infectious non-purulent myositis. Occurs due to enteroviral diseases, influenza, syphilis, tuberculosis and brucellosis. Accompanied by severe muscle pain and general weakness.
  4. Acute purulent myositis. The disease often becomes a complication of a chronic purulent process - for example, osteomyelitis. The patient feels pain in the muscles, they swell, the temperature may rise, and chills may appear.
  5. Myositis ossificans. It affects the muscles of the shoulders, hips and buttocks. It develops after injury, but can also be congenital. During illness, calcium salts are deposited in the connective tissue. The muscles become denser and atrophy, and the pain is mild.
  6. Dermatomyositis. More often occurs in young women after stress, colds and hypothermia. Red or purple rashes appear on the arms, face, back and chest. The person feels weak, has chills, and the temperature rises. Calcium salts accumulate under the skin and muscles shorten.
  7. Polymyositis. The most severe form of myositis. The disease affects several muscles. Accompanied by pain and weakness in the muscles. At first it is difficult for the patient to climb stairs, then from a chair.

Symptoms of myositis

  • pain in the neck radiates to the shoulders, forehead, back of the head, ears;
  • aching pain in chest, back, lower back, calf muscles;
  • pain intensifies when moving or feeling muscles, in the cold;
  • the pain does not go away after rest, the muscles hurt even at rest, when the weather changes;
  • the muscles swell, become dense, tense, nodules can be felt in them;
  • a person cannot turn his head, straighten up, or bend over;
  • the skin over the painful area becomes hot and swelling appears;
  • may develop due to pain muscle weakness, rarely - muscle atrophy.

Why is myositis dangerous?

Myositis causes muscle weakness. It is difficult for a person to climb the stairs, get out of bed, or get dressed. As the disease progresses, a person has difficulty raising his head from the pillow in the morning and holding it upright.

The inflammatory process can invade new muscles. Cervical myositis is a serious danger: it affects the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and esophagus.

In severe cases, it is difficult for a person to swallow, coughing attacks appear, and muscles atrophy. Shortness of breath occurs due to inflammation of the respiratory muscles.

If myositis is not treated promptly, the muscles will atrophy and muscle weakness may persist for life.

Diagnostics

Myositis is easily confused with other diseases. Symptoms of lumbar myositis and cervical myositis can be mistaken for an exacerbation of osteochondrosis. In addition, aching pain in the lower back may be a sign of kidney disease. To accurately determine the cause of the pain, consult a specialist.

The doctor at the Health Workshop clinic in St. Petersburg will conduct a comprehensive examination and make an accurate diagnosis. He will conduct a survey and examine the painful area. You will help the doctor if you clarify the nature of the pain and remember under what circumstances it appeared. Our doctors use the following diagnostic methods:

  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging);
  • Ultrasound (ultrasound examination);
  • ECG (electrocardiogram);
  • Laboratory research.

Treatment of myositis

Conservative treatment relieves muscle pain and heals the body. In case of acute myositis and exacerbation of chronic myositis, it is better for a person to stay at home and avoid physical activity.

The doctor individually prescribes a course of treatment for the patient. The doctor selects procedures depending on the type and form of myositis, age and characteristics of the patient’s body. The course includes 5 different procedures, the patient undergoes them 2-3 times a week. Treatment for inflammation of the back muscles lasts from 3 to 6 weeks. Muscle pain will go away after the first week of treatment.

The course consists of the following procedures:

  • Resonance wave UHF therapy;
  • Acupuncture
  • Fermatron injections
  • Rehabilitation on a simulator
  • Blockade of joints and spine, etc.

The specialist penetrates deeply into the dense muscle. This helps well with cervical myositis. Conservative methods relieve tension and restore the functioning of damaged muscles, normalize blood pressure, strengthen the immune system and improve the patient’s well-being.

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The muscles of the dorsal surface at the level of the thoracic spine - the muscles of the back - are located in two layers - deep and superficial. The deep layer consists of autochthonous muscles and deep muscles of ventral origin, which are represented by muscle bundles of external intercostal muscles, displaced towards the spine. The superficial layer contains muscles that attach to shoulder girdle, and muscles attached to the ribs.

In the deep layer of muscles of the dorsal surface at the level of the thoracic spine there are autochthonous muscles of the back - the erector spinae (m. erector spinae), the transverse spinalis muscle (m. transversospinalis). It contains the intertransverse muscles (mm. intertransversarii) and the levator ribs (mm. levatores costarum).

Initial muscle fibers splenius muscle (m. splenius capitis et cervicis) pass at the level of the upper thoracic spine, but the main functions of the muscle are aimed at moving the head and neck, which is why it is described at the level cervical spine spine.

In the thoracic region there are no interspinous muscles (mm. interspinales), which were observed at the level lumbar region spine.

Spinal erector
M. erector spinae

It is the most powerful and longest muscle of the back. At the level of the thoracic spine, it is divided, as at the lumbar level, into 3 parts:

1. iliocostal muscle (m. iliocostalis) - begins near the corners of the lower 5-6 ribs, rises in an oblique direction, is attached by thin tendons to the corners of the upper 5-7 ribs;

2. longissimus muscle (m. longissimus) - starts from the transverse processes of the lower 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, goes up to the corners of the 10 lower ribs and to the posterior sections of the transverse processes of the overlying thoracic vertebrae;

3. spinous muscle (m. spinalis) - starts from the spinous processes of the 2-3 lower thoracic vertebrae, rises to the spinous processes of the VIII-II thoracic vertebrae.

The thoracic part of the spinal erector (m. erector spinae) is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Spinal erector (m. erector spinae) - thoracic part:

1 - iliocostalis muscle (m. iliocostalis);

2 - longissimus muscle (t. longissimus);

3 - spinous muscle (m. spinalis).

Function:

  • lowering of the ribs (breathing movements).

Transverse spinalis muscle
M. transversospinalis

The transverse spinalis muscle (i.e. transversospinalis) has an oblique direction of short muscle bundles, spreading from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones. Muscle bundles are thrown through a different number of vertebrae, which also affects the length. At the level of the thoracic spine, as well as at the level of the lumbosacral spine, this muscle is divided into three parts:

1. semispinalis muscle (m. semispinalis) - lies most superficially, muscle bundles stretch between the transverse processes of the 6 lower and spinous processes of the 7 upper thoracic vertebrae, spreading across 6-7 vertebrae;

2. multifidi muscles (mm. multifidi) - lies under the previous one, muscle bundles begin from the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, end on the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, spreading across 2-4 vertebrae;

3. rotator muscles (mm. rotators) - are the deepest part of the transverse spinalis muscle (m. transversospinalis), start from the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae and, spreading across one vertebra, are attached to the spinous processes of the overlying ones.

The transverse spinalis muscle (m. transversospinalis) at the level of the thoracic spine is shown in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2. Transverse spinalis muscle (m. transversospinalis) - thoracic part:

1 - multifidus muscles (mm. multifidi);

2 - rotator muscles (mm. rotatores);

3 - semispinalis muscle (m. semispinalis)

Function:

  • extension of the thoracic spine (with bilateral contraction);
  • lateral tilt of the thoracic region in one's own direction (with unilateral contraction);
  • rotation in the opposite direction (with unilateral contraction).

Intertransverse chest muscles
Mm. intertransversaria thoracis

The muscles in the form of short bundles are stretched between the transverse processes of two adjacent vertebrae.

The intertransverse muscles of the chest (mm. intertransversaria thoracis) are shown in Fig. 3.