Irkutsk-Yakut postal route. Presentation on the topic: “Irkutsk-Yakut tract: from the history of its origin and development, Irkutsk region, Bayandaevsky district, mbou Lyurskaya sosh, project manager: V. A.”. Download for free and without registration. Flipping through a hundred
“IRKUTS-YAKUTSK POSTAL TRACT: HISTORY OF FORMATION The article is devoted to the history of the formation of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal tract, the closing section of the tract...”
PAVEL KAZARYAN*
IRKUTS-YAKUTSK POSTAL TRACT:
HISTORY OF FORMATION
The article is devoted to the history of the formation of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk
postal route, the closing section of the St. Petersburg highway
– Okhotsk. The establishment of the tract is associated with the activities of the Second
Kamchatka expedition and was carried out under the leadership of V.Y. Bering.
The Irkutsk-Yakut postal route occupied a leading place in the communication routes of North-Eastern Siberia and connections with Russian America in the 18th – 19th centuries.
Since the beginning of the annexation of North-East Siberia to the Russian state in 1629, more than a century has passed until stable communication routes have been established in the region. The Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route, established 270 years ago, in 1738, became the last one in the region’s transport system.
Since the 40s of the 17th century. until the mid-20s of the 18th century. The main route for supplying the Yakutsk district and transporting exiles was the land and water route from Tobolsk through Yeniseisk along the Angara - Ilim rivers, the Ilimsky (Lensky) portage and rafting from Ust-Kuta along the Lena to Yakutsk.
And yet, until the end of the 17th century. communication between Yakutsk and Moscow and Siberian cities was not clearly organized and regular. The delivery of official documents and exiles assigned to the Yakutsk district was carried out both along the way, with the Cossacks traveling to Yakutsk, and as needed, by assigning service people to accompany them.
To send the collected yasak from Yakutsk to Moscow, special orderly people with a team were appointed, and if urgent delivery of documents was necessary, special messengers were appointed, with the issuance of travel documents. So, for example, in the travel document issued on August 3, 1691 by the Yakut governor, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Gagarin, the entire route “... from the great Lena River, from the Yakut city...” was described in detail.
“...to Moscow...” [Acts 1864: 766 – 767].
The first attempt to establish regular postal communication between Moscow and Yakutsk was made in 1698, when it was “established * Pavel Levonovich Kazaryan - Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Professor of the Department of Theory, History of State and Law, Faculty of Law of Yakutsk state university them. M.K. Ammosova.
Pavel Kazaryan sent letters via the sovereign mail, which went from Moscow to Siberia to Nerchinsk and Yakutsk three times in the summer, and back the same number of times” [Slovtsov 1886: 285]. However, there was no stable postal service within Eastern Siberia.
The division of Siberia according to the decree of May 19, 1719 into three provinces by the decree of November 26, 1724 “On the division of Siberian cities into three provinces and on the appointment of two vice-governors in them, Irkutsk and Yenisei, subordinate to the Tobolsk governor” [Complete 1830: 263 – 265] the Yakutsk district was also included in the Irkutsk province of the Siberian province. This caused the need to establish regular communication between Irkutsk and Yakutsk. The main route of communication was the highway from Irkutsk to the upper reaches of the Lena and rafting from Kachug along the Lena to Yakutsk.
This route was especially busy in the summer. In the off-season - spring and autumn - communication was generally interrupted, and in winter, if necessary, messengers were sent from Irkutsk or Yakutsk, whose route ran mainly along the ice of the river. Lena.
By the mid-20s of the 18th century. within the Irkutsk province, from Irkutsk to Vitim, year-round communication has developed: in the summer along the Lena, in the winter - along the established villages from Irkutsk to Vitim. Thus, within the Irkutsk province, real prerequisites appeared for the rapid transformation of the Lena villages into postal machines (stations).
Thanks to the activities of the First Kamchatka Expedition in North-Eastern Siberia in 1726-1729. in St. Petersburg had detailed information, including information about communication routes in the region. Upon returning to the capital on March 1, 1730, the leader of the expedition, Captain 1st Rank Vitus Yoanessen Bering, presented Empress Anna Ioanovna with a brief report on the progress of the expedition and made his proposals for the administrative arrangement and improvement of communications in the region [Bering 1824].
The expeditions of the Cossack head Afanasy Fedotovich Shestakov were of decisive importance in the organization and development of communication routes in the North-East of Siberia; Second Kamchatka - received in 1730
rank of captain under Commander Vitus Yoanessen Bering.
After repeated discussions, the Supreme Privy Council on March 14, 1727, having heard the proposal of the Siberian governor, Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich Dolgorukov, “... about conscripting non-peaceful foreigners who were adjacent to the Siberian side, as well as traitors who were in citizenship, into Russian citizenship, and about sending foreigners to the conscription for this purpose and the search for new lands and other Yakut Cossack head Afanasy Shestakov...”, gave the go-ahead to organize a military expedition [Protocols 1888: 248 – 249].
Despite the fact that on March 14, 1730, in the first battle with the Koryaks, A.F. Shestakov died, the expedition led by captain Dmitry Ivanovich Pavlutsky, whose stronghold was the Anadyr fort, continued military operations against the Chukchi and Koryak. Exactly
the need for uninterrupted support for the activities of this expedition led to the emergence of the first highway in the Northeast of Siberia in 1731 - the Yakut-Okhotsk Tract [Kazaryan 2006: 50 – 57].
By decree of April 17, 1732, the Second Kamchatka Expedition was organized. Among the tasks assigned to the leader of the expedition was Captain Commander V.Y. Bering, in instructions dated March 16, 1733.
it was indicated: “... when you are in Tobolsk, make a determination so that from Tobolsk to Yeniseisk and to Yakutsk mail is sent once a month, and when you go from Tobolsk to Yakutsk, then order the road to be painted and designate the camps from which to which places to transport in the summer and in winter; and from Yakutsk to Okhotsk and to Kamchatka, at least once in 2 months there were parcels;
and how, about this in Yakutsk with the local commanders with the advice;
so that through those institutions from Kamchatka and Okhotsk all sorts of departments could go to Tobolsk and Moscow and then go there without stopping. And since you have already been to Kamchatka and the way to Kamchatka is known to you, then the Governor of Tobolsk and the Voivode in Yakutsk will give you their reasoning, looking for break-even and easy ways, so that where there are empty and uninhabited places, in such places you do not deliberately establish machines, and people and do not keep horses;
but transporting mail, as much as possible, through that void from residential to residential place...” [Polnaya 1830: 63 – 69].
During the expedition, the need arose for a stable connection between Yakutsk and the port of Okhotsk. Therefore, according to the instructions of V.Y. Bering, head of the port of Okhotsk G.G. Skornyakov Pisarev in 1735, having established new stations on the Yakut-Okhotsk tract that had existed since 1731, increased their number between Yakutsk and Okhotsk to 14, and turned the tract into a postal one.
Since the expedition needed year-round communication between Okhotsk and Irkutsk, both in ensuring the delivery of urgent cargo and sending and receiving correspondence, in 1738 the captain commander instructed the governor of the Yakutsk district of the Life Guard, captain lieutenant Alexei Eremeevich Zaborovsky, to organize postal communication between Yakutsk and Vitim.
Ensuring the movement of mail along this route was made the responsibility of the local population of the Lena region [Description 1988: 162].
Thus, in 1738, with the establishment of regular communication between Vitim and Yakutsk, the full functioning of not only the Irkutsk-Yakut postal route began, but also overland postal communication was established between St. Petersburg and the port of Okhotsk.
Government policy was aimed at ensuring postal coverage of the most remote corners of the state. The Senate decree of April 21, 1733 established an ordinary, i.e. ordinary (simple) postal service between Moscow and Tobolsk, and ordered the creation of a postal service along different routes in Siberia. Decree of October 28, 1735
demanded that instead of the practice of sending parcels by courier, a postal service should be established everywhere [see. Complete 1830: 91 – 92, 594 – 595].
The movement of mail from Yakutsk to Vitim was carried out by relay race, with a change of horses in the Olekminsky prison. This order slowed down the movement
Pavel Kazaryan
mail. But since in 1742 the intensive movement of people and the sending of goods of the Bering expedition from Kamchatka and Okhotsk through Irkutsk to Tobolsk began, the existing order of postal chasing could not meet the growing needs for uninterrupted movement along the route. Therefore, on behalf of the acting voivode of the Yakut district, Captain Ivan Yakovlevich Ostyakov, an employee of the voivode's office, Zakhar Baishev, in 1743, between Vitimskaya Sloboda and Yakutsk, organized 28 postal machines (stations), entrusting their maintenance to local societies.
However, this duty in the 40s - 60s caused repeated complaints from the Yakuts and requests to be exempted from this duty. Local residents were obliged not only to transport goods and servicemen, but also to supply postal stations with horses and food. In 1770, the Irkutsk governor Adam Ivanovich Bril, with the knowledge and permission of Empress Catherine, freed the Yakuts from Yamsk duty, ordering the tract to be populated by Russian settlers.
But almost two years passed and “due to the non-appearance of the hunters,” that is, the volunteers, the governor ordered that they be replaced with “convicts and exiles” [Description 1988: 162].
The increase in the number of exiled settlers on the tract along with family members can be evidenced by data on the rate of settlement of the section of the tract from Peleduy to Olekminsk. If in 1776 295 people lived there, then in 1779 - 306. This was the first experience of settling tracts in the Yakut region with exiles, and it showed that the exiles “due to the well-known impossibility of establishing arable land and livestock in those places not only were able to correct the persecution, but they themselves were dying of hunger, then it was to this extreme that they provided government support.” The annual maintenance of settlers to the treasury over a decade cost an average of 2,400 rubles [Safronov 1978: 117 – 122].
Finding it burdensome for the treasury to maintain the tract in this way, in February 1781 the Irkutsk provincial chancellery decided to free the settlers from the postal chase, placing it again on the Yakuts of the Olekminsky and Verkhne Vilyuisky commissaries established in 1775, as well as the Kangalassky and Namsky commissaries subordinate to the provincial city of Yakutsk volosts, leaving to help them only those settlers whom they agreed to support. They decided to move the rest of the exiles to places convenient for arable farming.
On the roads of the Yakutsk district, crossings existed only on the Lena near Yakutsk and on Aldan, near the Okhotsk tract. In 1772, the transportation of people and property between Yakutsk and the right bank of the Lena was established, which was carried out “for five summer months by eleven people selected from the exiles (i.e., exiles - P.K.), who were paid from the treasury 5 kopecks each per day" [Kazaryan 2005: 388].
However, even after 1781, exiled settlers remained the main population of the tract villages and stations between Yakutsk and the Vitimskaya volost, which was included in the Kirensky district. The Yakuts provided them with everything necessary to cope with the postal chase, and they themselves tried to avoid participating in it. New villages and post offices arose along the route.
Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route: history of formation
stations. People gradually arrived at some stations, which had previously been a lonely hut, and the stations turned into villages.
The route within the Yakut province established in 1775 was divided into two sections: from Vitim to Olekminsk and from Olekminsk to Yakutsk. They were headed by caretakers appointed by the Yakut provincial office. Station wardens monitored the condition of the route and the order in the postal chase, as well as the life and everyday life of the exiles and resettlers assigned to the postal stations.
With each decade, traffic on the highway became busier.
This necessitated the establishment of new machines (postal stations) in the Lena region. If on the section of the highway from Yakutsk to Vitim in 1743.
There were 28 stations, then at the beginning of the 19th century. their number reached 38 [Index 1803: 70 – 72].
In the first quarter of the 19th century. There have been fundamental changes in the way the postal race is organized. In 1806, the Governing Senate and the Military Collegium received an order to issue travel tickets and passes to officials sent for government purposes to Yakutsk and Okhotsk.
From 1803 to 1815 There was a gradual replacement of in-kind conscription for the population of the Yakut district for the transportation of mail and cargo with zemstvo monetary fees, with the maintenance of postal stations being auctioned for three years. And by the time of the formation of the Yakut region in 1822.
The Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway was a well-developed, populated road connecting the center of the region with the capital of Eastern Siberia.
Beginning of the 19th century was marked by the close attention of the central authorities to the development of the infrastructure of Eastern Siberia. Established on November 20, 1809 in Siberia, the Tenth District of Communications was designed to manage water and land communications. Measures were taken to develop roads within the provinces. Among those considered by the Siberian Committee in 1821 and approved by Alexander I on July 22, 1822.
ten draft regulations and charters included the “Charter on the content of land communications in Siberia” [see. Complete 1830: 487 – 531].
The charter was intended to regulate all issues related to the maintenance of both the main Siberian (Moscow) highway and the highways within the Siberian provinces. The section of the Siberian Highway in Western Siberia was 1916 versts, in Eastern Siberia - to Irkutsk - 1170 versts. Departments were established on the tract to maintain the road in good condition, build and repair bridges, stage buildings, etc. For work on the tract, second-class exiles specified in the “Charter on Exiles” were to be recruited. The Department of Land Transport was instructed: “The best, healthy, strong and young, mainly those who know the skills, are elected to this category. They are called road workers"
[cm. Complete 1830: 444].
There were 2,156 permanent workers in Western Siberia, and 2,393 in Eastern Siberia. The charter regulated in detail
Pavel Kazaryan
organizational structures of the road service, equipment procedures, specifications the work to be performed and the composition of the teams. It is noteworthy that in Article 38 of the “Charter on the maintenance of land communications in Siberia” it was specifically stated: “... this Charter does not apply to the Yakut region, Okhotsk and Kamchatka territories”
[cm. Complete 1830: 487].
One of the main purposes of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk tract was to ensure the delivery of exiles. The procedure for maintaining roads and carrying out transportation, including during the transfer of exiles from Irkutsk to the regional center of Yakutsk and further to the districts of the Yakutsk region, was regulated by the “Regulations on Zemstvo Duties in the Siberian Provinces” approved on July 22, 1822. Article 1 i of the Regulations divided zemstvo duties into two types: personal work in turn and on orders; hiring by cash collection.
Personal duties consisted of maintaining roads, bridges and transportation, transporting recruiting parties and exiles, and maintaining carts for zemstvo communications. When performing zemstvo duties by collecting funds for maintaining roads, transporting exiles, etc., personal duties were abolished, except for the duty to supply carts and conductors.
However, if this order turned out to be acceptable for Siberian, incl.
and Irkutsk, provinces, then in the Yakutsk region, taking into account its characteristics (sparse population, economic condition of residents, etc.), the application of this provision turned out to be impracticable. Therefore, Article 4 of the Regulations specifically stipulated: “In those remote and sparsely populated places, such as: along the Okhotsk road (meaning the Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Okhotsk highway - P.K.) and the like, where the maintenance of postal and zemstvo supplies there is no one to accept the travelers, except for the foreigners and villagers wandering there, the inhabitants are obligated to unquestioningly maintain the stations, receiving benefits from the general zemstvo collection" [see. Complete 1830: 545 – 546].
To carry out zemstvo duties, estimates were drawn up annually based on the data of the last three years, both for postal duties and for zemstvo messages, i.e., traveling on zemstvo and volost affairs of police officials on philistine carts. To prevent abuse, travel tickets were signed only by the local governor (in the Yakut region, until January 1, 1852, by the regional chief), and each departure was registered in a special journal and at the end of the year submitted to the governor for revision.
The entire population of Eastern Siberia was divided into five categories according to its economic status. When compiling the layout for the Yakut region and its districts, the category of wandering foreigners (Tungus, Lamut, Yukaghir, Chukchi) was exempted from all zemstvo duties and was not included in the layout of duties.
in the Yakut regional administration) zemstvo duties were distributed among districts (Olekminsky, Yakutsky, Vilyuisky). Within the districts these
Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route: history of formation
duties, taking into account property status, were divided among classes, volosts, rural societies and foreign uluses, which, in turn, independently distributed them within their societies.
One of the most important principles in the distribution of zemstvo duties containing monetary duties, for example, for the maintenance of the post office, was their indispensable organization through public tenders for contracts (usually for three years).
According to paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the decree of July 22, 1822 “On the transformation of the Siberian provinces according to a new institution,” it was envisaged that “payment for the carriage of mail and relays should be made in the Siberian provinces on an equal basis with other internal provinces from general postal revenues” [see. Complete 1830: 344]. This meant, without affecting the procedure for organizing postal operations on the territory of the Yakut region, instead of the previous monetary duties, reimbursement of expenses for the postal service at the expense of the treasury.
A significant change was that the decree provided, along with “payment for the carriage of mail and relays,” the abolition from 1824 of the general fee of 30 kopecks per head for land and water communications. Thus, from the 20s of the XIX century. The maintenance of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk tract was carried out both through zemstvo duties and fees for the transportation of mail.
The search for gold, carried out since 1849 (there is information that similar searches were carried out since 1846) on the territory of the Olekminsky district of the Yakut region, culminated in the discovery of many deposits of alluvial gold, and in 1852 its industrial mining began. In 1856, in the North-East of Siberia, on the Lena River, the first center of gold mining in the region arose - the Machinsky residence of gold miners*.
The growth of gold mining led to the formation of two systems of private gold mines in the Olekminsky district: Olekminsky (center - the village of Macha) and Vitimsky (center - the village of.
Vitim Kirensky district) [Kazaryan 19996:
17]. Despite the fact that the main needs of the gold industry in cargo transportation were met by rafting along the Lena, in the autumn and spring, traffic on the section of the highway from Irkutsk to the Nokhtuyskaya station, on the opposite bank of the Lena of which the Machinsky residence of gold miners was located, was busy (departure and arrival of workers, business trips technical personnel of mines, traveling officials of mining departments, etc.).
* According to the regulation of the Committee of Ministers “On the transfer of the Olekminsky gold mining region from the Yakut region to the Irkutsk province” approved by Nicholas II on December 18, 1898, the Olekminsky and Vitimsky systems of private gold mines were included in the Irkutsk province. – PSZRI. – Collection III. – T. 18, dept. I. – St. Petersburg, 1901. – S.
The actual transfer of the district began in the spring of 1899 and ended in March 1900, with the transfer of supervision of political exiles located in the gold mining region from the Olekminsky district police department to the authorities of the Irkutsk province. – See: Kazaryan P.L. Yakutia in the Russian system of political exile. 1826 – 1917 – P. 345.
Pavel Kazaryan
In the 30s - 50s, new stations and stops appeared on the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway. By the beginning of the 60s of the XIX century. there were 114 stations on the route, of which 77 were within the Irkutsk province, 37 in the Yakut region [Pamyatnaya 1865: 10 – 13; Kazaryan 2007].
On the section of the highway from Irkutsk to Verkholensk, 12 post horses were kept, from Tyumentsevskaya station to Yakutsk - 8 horses.
The fee for driving one horse from one mile was one and a half kopecks.
Since the beginning of the 70s, the surface fee has been increased on the section of the highway from the city.
Irkutsk to Zhigalovskaya pier (later to the city of Verkholensk) up to 3 kopecks, and then to Yakutsk up to 41/2 kopecks.
New stations appeared on the route in the following decades, and other stations changed their names. So, for example, if in the early 60s there were 24 stations on the Yakutsk-Olekminsk section of the highway, then in 1869 their number was 31 (including city stations in Yakutsk and Olekminsk), of which 21 were within the Yakutsk district, 10 Olekminsky. However, since the beginning of the 70s of the XIX century. The growth rate of the number of new stations stopped, which indicated that their placement on the route was optimal. The issue of establishing a new (last) station on the highway (Nikolskaya station), on the section from the border of the Irkutsk province to the city of Olekminsk, was resolved in 1906.
According to 1911 data, on the section of the Yakutsk - Olekminsk tract there were 31 stations (including Olekminskaya and Yakutskaya city), located at a distance from 15 (between the Toen Arinskaya and Bulgunyakhtatskaya stations) to more than 31 versts (between the Russko Rechenskaya and Chekurskaya stations).
If the distance between Olekminsk and Yakutsk in the early 60s of the XIX century.
was 665 versts, then in 1911 due to the straightening of the road - about 657 versts [Obzor 1909: 232 – 233].
Despite summer rafting, the appearance of steamships on the Lena in 1862 and the establishment of the first steamship company in 1864, traffic along the route continued all year round. As evidenced by the statement of the number of people who rode post horses along the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway from Kachugskaya station to Yakutsk and back from May 1 to October 1, there were 417 people in 1885, 414 people in 1886, and 414 people in 1887. . - 418 people.
In the summer, mail and people were sent from Zhigalovo to Yakutsk on shitikas (covered boats). Rafting to Yakutsk did not pose any particular difficulties.
However, on the way back, the boat was pulled by horses. The banks of the Lena (stations along the entire route, with the exception of Machinskaya, were located on the left bank) were such in relief that in many places, especially in the upper reaches of the river, they were steep. When the use of horse traction became impossible, people were harnessed to the towline. Therefore, the summer trip from Yakutsk up the Lena was difficult and took a lot of time.
The uniqueness of the Irkutsk-Yakut postal route lay in the fact that it was the only internal route in Russia on which there was a customs outpost. After Russia sold its North American possessions to the United States under the treaty of March 30, 1867, as well as the curtailment of the activities of the Russian American Company during
Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route: history of formation
years of all its institutions, the port of Ayan, which was important in supplying the Yakut region, came under the jurisdiction of the government. To preserve the possibility of importing relatively cheap foreign goods for the Yakut region, the General Governor of Eastern Siberia, Mikhail Semenovich Korsakov, raised the issue with the government about giving Ayan the status of a duty-free port for the import of goods (porto franco).
Korsakov found support in the Ministry of Finance and the State Council, and on December 22, 1869, Alexander II approved the position of the State Council: “... to allow duty-free import through Ayansky and other ports of the Sea of Okhotsk to the Yakutsk region of all foreign works in general (i.e. goods. - P.K.), with the exception of strong drinks, grain wine and alcohol,... and so that foreign goods, if they are brought to Irkutsk, are paid duties at the general European tariff" [Polnoe 1870: 395].
By order of the Minister of Finance Mikhail Khristoforovich Reitern, the Irkutsk customs in June 1871 established a customs point in the last major locality Yakut region with Irkutsk province - in the village. Nokhtuysk. Thus, the Yakut region until March 1917 turned into a customs-free zone. The status of the customs outpost established in Nokhtuysk was increased by decision of the Ministry of Finance on December 28, 1912. It received the opportunity “on equal rights with customs, to consider and further forward cases of smuggling” [Collection 1913: 446 – 448].
The terms of many contracts with the owners of postal stations of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk tract ended in the summer of 1894. Therefore, the authorities of the Irkutsk General Governorate found it less burdensome for the treasury to send mail and people by ship in the summer.
However, despite the opening of regular postal and passenger service between the Tarasov postal station (with navigation in 1897 - with the Ust-Kutsk postal station) and Yakutsk in 1895, the development of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk tract continued. This is evidenced by the order of Nicholas II dated May 23, 1896 to the Minister of Internal Affairs Ivan Loginovich Goremykin “to make an order to restore a full set of horses at the postal stations of the Prilensky tract”
[Complete 1899: 505].
Traffic along the highway was organized in the summer - from Irkutsk to Zhigalovskaya station along a cart dirt road (375 ? versts), from Zhigalovskaya station by boats, from 1895 to Tarasovskaya, and from 1897 - to Ust Kutskaya station and further to Yakutsk by mail Glotov passenger ships; in winter - to the Zhigalovskaya station along a dirt road and then mainly along the ice of the Lena to Yakutsk. During the period of spring and autumn thaw, movement was carried out from Zhigalovskaya station to Yakutsk by pack.
The most troublesome trips along the highway were associated with escorting exiles, and in particular political ones, from the Aleksandrovsk Central Transit Center or Irkutsk prisons to Yakutsk. When escorting exiles
Pavel Kazaryan
along the route, the number of guards and political exiles was taken one to one.
Thus, a party of political exiles of 20 people sent from Irkutsk to Yakutsk on December 1, 1887 was accompanied by 20 guards;
a batch of 16 exiles released on September 20, 1887 - 14 lower ranks of the Irkutsk reserve battalion and two gendarmerie non-commissioned officers under the command of a second lieutenant; March 29, 1889 14 exiles - 14 escorts;
February 16, 1890 10 exiles - 9 lower ranks and two non-commissioned officers under the command of the cornet, [National f. 20...], etc.
Since the mid-90s of the XIX century. The administration of the Irkutsk General Governorate and the Yakut region used the road in the winter mainly, in addition to sending mail, to transport political exiles.
Unlike other categories of exiles, they tried to prevent a large concentration of political exiles in transit prisons and prisons, and therefore they deliberately incurred greater expenses in comparison with summer transportation and quickly sent them to their places of settlement and residence. Thus, on January 1, 1898, the Kirensky district police officer informed his Olekminsky colleague: “Mr. Irkutsk governor instructed me by telegram to order the preparation along the highway to Kirensk 39 and further 35 philistine carts for the transport of a party of political criminals that set out from Irkutsk on December 31” [National f. 15].
According to existing practice, having received information about the timing and composition of the party, the Olekma district police officer on January 13 demanded that peasant elders and elders of foreign rural communities, upon signature, familiarize themselves with the requirement to prepare the required number of carts and horses with guides for the party, since at post stations, according to According to the report card, there were only 8 horses. Thus, the section of the highway from Olekminsk to the border with the Yakut district was visited by an assistant police officer, who was given receipts for the preparation of 35 carts: January 13 - peasants of Solyanskaya, Kharyalakhskaya, Namaninskaya; January 14 - Chekurskaya; January 15 - Belaya, Khatyn Tumulskaya, Markhinskaya; January 16 - Markhachanskaya station.
At the same time, on January 13, the Olekma district police officer Nikolai Nikolaevich Moskvin sent a copy of the telegram received from Kirensk to the Yakut district police officer Andrei Innokentyevich Popov, who in turn on January 23, 1898, ordered the headman and peasants of 20 stations of the Yakut-Irkutsk tract to carry out preparatory work and assist in the passage of the party political exiles along the highway.
At the beginning of the 20th century. The telegraph connected Irkutsk with Yakutsk. With the development of shipping on the Lena and wire communications, the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway lost its former positions. The revolutions of 1917 and after them the civil war year after year left their destructive mark on the activity of the highway.
With the transition to peaceful life, the establishment of the authorities of Yakutia in the south of the region, by ousting the Amur gold miners, priorities in the communication routes of Yakutia also changed. As gold mining developed in the Aldan region, the Amuro-Yakut route became the leading one. The emergence of new
Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route: history of formation
modes of transport (automobile, aviation) finally negated the need for the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway. Apart from the upper reaches of the Lena, certain areas of intra-district significance remained in demand.
However, less than a century passed, and at the beginning of the 21st century. the development of the economy of the Lena Territory required a land connection through the richest regions of Western Yakutia with the central regions of Eastern Siberia. The Russian transport development plan included a clause on the completion of the construction of the Vilyuy road, which received federal status. Several years will pass, and the Yakutsk-Vilyuysk-Mirny-Lensk highway will reach the banks of the Angara.
Literature
Acts relating to the legal life of ancient Russia. 1864. T. 2. St. Petersburg.
Bering V. 1824. Brief report on the Siberian expedition. – St. Petersburg.
Kazaryan P.L. 2005. Communication routes in Yakutia (XVII - early XX centuries). – Transport of Russia. Analysis. Problems. Prospects. Vol. 3M.
Kazaryan P.L. The first tract in the North-East of Russia. – Science and technology in Yakutia.
2006, no. 2 (11). Yakutsk
Kazaryan P.L. 2008. Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route (to the 270th anniversary of the establishment).
– Science and technology in Yakutia. Yakutsk No. 1 (14).
National Archives of Yakutia, f.20, op. 4, d. 28, l. 7; d. 9, l. 3 – 4; d. 34, l. 20; d. 41, l. 3.
National Archives of Yakutia, f.15, op. 16, d. 55, l. 10.
Review of the Yakut region for 1907. 1909. Yakutsk; Kazaryan P.L. 1998. Yakutia in the system of political exile in Russia. 1826 – 1917 Yakutsk
Description of the Irkutsk governorship in 1792. 1988. Novosibirsk.
Memorial book of the Irkutsk province for 1865. 1865. Section “Post roads”.
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire (hereinafter referred to as PSZRI). 1830. Collection.
I., vol. 7. St. Petersburg.
Protocols, journals and decrees of the Supreme Privy Council. 1726 – 1730. – T. III (January
– June 1727). – Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society. 1888.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 38. St. Petersburg. P. 344.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 38. St. Petersburg. pp. 487 – 531.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 38. St. Petersburg. With. 545 – 546.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 38. St. Petersburg. P.444.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 38. St. Petersburg. P.487.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I, vol. 9.
PSZRI. 1830. Collection. I. – T. 9. – St. Petersburg.
PSZRI. 1870. Collection. II, vol. 44. St. Petersburg.
PSZRI. 1899. Collection. III, vol. 16, dep. I. St. Petersburg.
Safronov F.G. 1978. Russians in Northeast Asia in the 17th – mid-19th centuries. M.
Slovtsov P.A. 1886. Historical review of Siberia. St. Petersburg
Dissertations for the scientific degree of candidate of cultural studies Moscow - 2016 Work produced... "analyzed the attack on Japanese trading posts on the islands of Sakhalin and Iturup by Russian ships "Juno" and "Av..." Moscow, Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov Program Plenary...”
The Yakutsky (Prilensky) tract is the main postal route from Yakutsk. Laid during the XVII - 1st half of the XVIII. The total length at the beginning of the twentieth century was 2766 versts, and the territory - 1772 versts.
Yakut (Prilensky) tract: encyclopedic reference
The main postal, freight and passenger transportation took place on a dirt road - (236 versts), less often in the direction - (140 versts). The main communication was carried out by water (river), and in winter along the ice of the river. In the mid-19th - early 20th, about 80 postal stations were built within the borders of the Irkutsk province on the Yakutsk highway, of which 15 were on the Irkutsk - Zhigalovo section: Khomutovskaya, Zherdovskaya, Ust-Ordynskaya, Olzonovskaya, Bayandaevskaya, Khogotovskaya, Manzurskaya, Khorbatovskaya, Kachugskaya, Verkholskaya , Tyumentsevskaya, Korkinskaya, Petrovskaya, Ponomarevskaya, Zhigalovskaya. They were located at a distance of 16 to 35 miles from each other.
In the 1960s, mail was transported along the Yakutsk highway 2 times a week. Since the 90s of the 19th century, the conditions for postal and passenger transportation on the Yakutsky tract were determined by a special document - “Conditions for the maintenance of state-owned postal stations of the Prilensky tract.” In 1865, 120 horses were employed in postal and passenger transportation from to to, in 1889 - 150, in 1907 - 420. Large consignments of cargo followed along the Yakutsky tract to the Prilensky region (to the mines, to the Kirensky district, Yakutsk region). At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th, 350-470 poods were transported annually towards Kachug. heaviness. In 1910, 1,270 thousand poods were transported along the Yakutsky highway towards the Kachug pier. cargo (including 316 thousand poods of bread). Large quantities of cattle were also driven away. They brought furs, mammoth ivory, leather, horsehair, salt, and fish (up to 6 thousand pounds annually). Mining and prison parties passed along the Yakut highway.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the cost of transporting a pound of cargo along the Yakut highway was 60-70 kopecks in the summer, and 30-40 kopecks in the winter. Passenger fares from to Kachug were 63-94.5 kopecks. for the haul. In 1910, the cost of a mile of travel from Irkutsk to Kachug was set at 3 kopecks.
All work on the Yakutsk highway was carried out by the local population.
The Lensky district met a historical parcel - a mailbox, which was given to the Yakutians by residents of the Irkutsk region. He travels through the cities and villages of two neighboring regions, as a symbol of anniversary events in honor of the 275th anniversary of the formation of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route. Thus, the current generation remembers and pays tribute to the sovereign coachmen, who for two centuries carried mail on horseback for thousands of kilometers.
On March 14, a carved mailbox, made especially for the anniversary expedition, set off from Irkutsk. The relic was brought to the Angara region by First Deputy Chairman of the State Assembly Il Tumen Anatoly Dobryantsev. It is he, as a descendant of one of the sovereign's coachmen, who is the ideological inspirer and organizer of events dedicated to the 275th anniversary of the tract. During the ceremonial start of the expedition, the Yakutian gave parting words: "This tract for a long time was the only road of life for Yakutia, so we attach great historical significance to it.” It is worth noting that in the summer of 2017, Anatoly Dobryantsev, as part of an expedition, traveled the entire Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway from beginning to end, and in the spring of 2018, a reconstruction of mail delivery from Irkutsk to Yakutsk was planned.
The parcel follows the historical path, it is passed from hand to hand by residents of those cities and towns where postal stations used to be located. In the mid-19th century there were about 80 of them, most of them on the Lena. The mailbox is not empty, it is filled with letters “From residents of Irkutsk to residents of the Republic of Sakha.” Also, throughout the journey, it is replenished with new messages from the population of former coachman stations. On March 22, the anniversary symbol reached Yakutia. Residents of Kirensk solemnly handed over the mailbox to the residents of Vitim and Peleduy. The leadership of the Lensky district met the mail in the village of Hamra, Yaroslavl nasleg. Administration employees headed by the head of the Department of Social Development went there Natalia Enders.
For the Khamrin residents, the anniversary of the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway became a real event. They prepared for it for several months. Village residents piece by piece collected information about local coachmen and prepared special stands with photographs and biography of these people. The mail was met on the banks of the Lena in a decorated horse-drawn carriage, which took the “modern coachmen” along with the box along the historical route. In the center of the village, a cart with valuable cargo was greeted with bread and salt. For the holiday, the villagers dressed in national costumes and decorated the local club balloons and renamed it the “driver station “Khamrinskaya”. After the official meeting, Natalya Enders shared her impressions: “Having traveled with a mailbox on a horse-drawn sleigh along the banks of the Lena, as real coachmen used to do, it was as if we had visited the past. You can't fool the goosebumps. And they were."
During the ceremonial meeting, the Khamrin residents spoke about the history of their station, and also dropped a letter into the historical box, addressing it to their descendants: “Dear descendants. Residents of the village of Hamra, which has been adorning the left bank of the great Lena River for 282 years, are addressing you. We kindly ask you to remember the history of our village, respect and honor the traditions of our ancestors, and be patriots of your homeland. We wish that our village prospers, enterprises open, there is year-round communication with the regional center, so that your children and grandchildren work in their native land and glorify our village good deeds and actions. 03/22/2018 Your ancestors."
Then the “driver” mail headed to Lensk, where the baton was met by old-timers of the city at the local history museum. Some of them know about the Yamskaya chase first-hand and not from historical documents. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War Alexey Lapinsky, who recently celebrated his 92nd birthday, said that he himself sometimes “moonlighted” as a coachman. He was born in the village of Turukta, past which the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway also passed. He says that back then the mail was never late, and not only men, but also women carried it. In particular, his wife was involved in the coachman business. Teenagers also carried mail along with adults.
Home Front Veteran Vladilen Kochkin said that at the age of 14 he also sometimes worked as a coachman. The distance between the stations was large, but part of the journey had to be spent not in a cart, but running, because “my feet were very cold.” The coachmen also took guns with them to scare away wolves. The last horse mail passed by Mukhtui in the spring of 1954.
The mailbox spent one night in the Lena Museum, and on the morning of March 23 it went further - along the Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway.
The parcel “from the past” was greeted in the villages of Murya, Nyuya, Natora, Turukta, and in the village of Tinnaya, Olekminsky district, also in a solemn atmosphere, it was handed over to neighbors. There are still several dozen stations ahead; the mailbox will complete its journey on April 1 in the capital of Yakutia.
The Irkutsk-Yakutsk highway, with a length of 2895 km, has been an important state transport artery for more than 200 years. He was a link between Russia and the countries of the Pacific region and contributed to strengthening trade and cultural ties. Each station on the route is a whole story with its own characteristics and heroes who regularly carried mail all year round. Today, descendants of coachmen work in all sectors of our republic and beyond. Among them are many eminent scientists, doctors and candidates of science, teachers and production managers.
Photo report from the press service of the Lensky district administration.
Regulations
Pursuit Race “Yakutsky Trakt” 2017
Amateur Pursuit Race on dog sledding“Yakutsky Trakt” is held on December 9, 2017. mainly by " Rules for holding competitions and tests in sled dog racing in the RKF system"and in accordance with these regulations.
Distances 3*3km. Sledding and skijoring. Absolute,Open, SES1, SES2 tests.
1. Goals and objectives of the race
Popularization of sledding sports, an active and healthy lifestyle, and humane treatment of animals. Involving dog owners and their pets in sledding sports. Revealing the strongest racers. Identification of dogs with the best sledding and leadership qualities.
2. Time and place
Registration starts at 10-00. The race starts at 12-00.
3. Conditions for admission to the race
All dogs are allowed to participate in the competition, regardless of their breed and pedigree.
Athletes who do not have medical contraindications with healthy dogs over 12 months old.
Dogs must have a valid veterinary passport with vaccination records. At least 14 days must have passed since the last vaccination.
The racer is responsible for his own health and the health of his dogs, understanding that participation in the race involves the risk of hypothermia, injury, dehydration, etc.
Responsibility for minor riders and their dogs rests with the rider's parents or guardians. The age of juniors at which they can be admitted to the race depends on the class and discipline.
Members of the race organizing committee participate in the competition outside the classification.
4. Race Organizing Committee
Pavel Demin, Rimma Demina, Ilya Demin.
5. Race judges
Chief judge Rimma Demina.
The judges are timekeepers Alexey Orgilyanov and Irina Kryukova.
6. Competition program
Distance 3 stages of 3 km.
Classes and disciplines:
SC - teams of 3-4 dogs, rider age 14 years and above;
SD - 2 dog sleds, rider age from 12 years;
2SJ - skijoring 2 dogs, rider age from 16 years;
1SJ - skijoring 1 dog, rider age from 14 years.
Substitution of dogs is prohibited.
Separate start at all stages.
The starting order of the third stage is determined by the sum of the actual time behind the leader in the second and third stages.
The result (total race time) of the racer is the total time of the three stages.
The rider has the right to accept the help of one of his assistants in the starting town between laps, such as: caring for dogs, feeding, replacing equipment and equipment, assistance in moving to the next lap, etc.
At the start, assistance is available to all riders in the starting corridor (10m). During the finish, all helpers of all teams must be behind the finish line. The presence of assistants in the finishing corridor and in front of the finish line is prohibited. Leading is prohibited.
7. Starting order
No. 1. Skijoring. Men.
No. 2. Skijoring. Women.
No. 3. Teams of 3-4 dogs.
No. 4. Sled 2 dogs.
The starting point is considered to be the front end of the sled or ski.
The start at the first stage is separate.
The starting positions of the first stage are determined by preliminary placement based on the results shown in the previous races. The starting protocol is published before the start of the race.
The starting interval for the first stage is 1 minute between riders in a class and 5 minutes between men and women.
The order of starts of the second stage is determined by the results of the first stage. How better result The racer showed in the first stage, the earlier he starts in the second stage.
The starting interval for the second stage is 1 minute between riders in the class and 5 minutes between men and women.
The starting order of the third stage is determined by the sum of the actual time behind the leader in the second and third stages.
Harness competitions begin only after the skijoring competitions have ended. Before the end of the skijoring competition, the teams will go out to race track prohibited.
8. Gear and equipment
Requirements for equipment and equipment are determined " Rules… RKF ».
Each rider is required to have proper gear and equipment that complies with the Rules.
The use of strict and shock collars, any harnesses other than sled ones, harnesses without a shock absorber, leashes, nooses, and muzzles is prohibited.
If a dog is injured during a race and the cause of the injury is equipment that does not comply with the “Rules ... of the RKF,” the rider will be disqualified, regardless of the result shown at the race.
The racer must have a working cell phone with a working battery and the organizers’ phone numbers entered into it (will be announced before the start of the race).
Juniors performing on sleds are required to wear a protective helmet.
All sleds must be equipped with serviceable brakes, brake mats, and anchors, in accordance with the Rules.
9. Dog control
During all competitions, incl. in the starting town, all dogs must be on a leash and under the control of the racer or assistant. Free walking of dogs is strictly prohibited during the entire race.
10. Priorities
The priority is safety, physical and mental health racers and dogs, spectators, the judging panel, etc., an environmentally friendly attitude towards the environment.
11. Control time
At a distance of 3 km, the control time for completing the stage is 30 minutes from the moment the racer starts. A rider who fails to meet the time limit will not advance to the next stage and will be removed from the race.
12. Results and diplomas
The result (total race time) of the participant is the total time of the three stages taking into account a possible temporary fine.
The winners of the race are the participants who score the shortest total time of the three stages in classes and categories:
Skijoring:
Open men, CEC1 men, CEC2 men,
Women Open, Women CEC1, Women CEC2;
Sleds:
3-4 Open dogs, 3-4 CEC1 dogs, 3-4 CEC2 dogs,
2 Open dogs, 2 CEC1 dogs, 2 CEC2 dogs.
An absolute classification is also carried out, separately in each discipline, indicating the class (Skijoring men, Skijoring women, Sled 3-4 dogs, Sled 2 dogs).
Each participant who completes the race receives a diploma, which indicates the time to complete the distance in stages, a place in the overall standings, and a place in the speed category.
13. Protests and disqualifications
A participant can file a protest against the actions of a competition participant or an official - verbally immediately after his finish, written within 15 minutes after his finish.
Protest against the judges' decisions and time calculation results - within 15 minutes after the announcement of the competition results.
Any rider can insist on a review of the incident.
A rider may be disqualified for cruelty to animals (including ESH, injury to a dog as a result of using equipment that does not comply with the Rules), incomplete completion of the distance, provoking dog aggression towards people or other dogs. Each such case entails an analysis of the incident.
14. Submission of applications, voluntary entry fee, draw
Preliminary applications are accepted at: [email protected].
The application is submitted in the format: full name of the racer, gender, age of the racer, distance, discipline, number of dogs, dog names, dog breeds, age of the youngest dog, name of the assistant, actual place of residence.
Voluntary entry fee:
15. Reporting
Information about incoming applications and the results of the competition will be available on the forums where the topic of the race is posted, in Facebook and VK groups.
16. Contact phone number:
Rimma Demina 8-914-8-99-80-65.
Route map
Go to the Yakutsky Trakt Race from Irkutsk:
Drive along the Kachugsky (Yakutsky))) highway until the turnoff to Kudu. At the intersection near Medved near the gas station (now there is a traffic light there), turn right, drive through the whole of Kuda, past the administration, past the pink one-story school No. 1 (this is Kirova Street, in the courtyard there are two monuments to revolutionaries).
After school No. 1, take the first left to the concrete plant (orange fence).
At the concrete plant turn right, this is the street. 50 years of October.
Between houses 18 and 20/1 on the street. 50 Let Oktyabrya turn left into the lane, then the first right turn along the street. Suvorov and again turn left into the vacant lot.
Tel. 8-914-8-998-065. Rimma
June 12th, 2013 , 08:08 pm
IRKUTSK-YAKUTSK POSTAL TRACT:
HISTORY OF FORMATION
"The establishment of the tract is connected with the activities of the Second
Kamchatka expedition and was carried out under the leadership of V.Y. Bering.
Irkutsk>Yakutsk postal route occupied a leading place
in the transport system of North-Eastern Siberia and communications
with Russian America in the 18th – 19th centuries.
Since the beginning of the annexation of the North-East of Siberia to the Russian
more than a century passed for the state in 1629 until stable
communication routes in the region. The last one in the region's transport system
The Irkutsk-Yakutsk postal route was established 270 years ago, in 1738.
Since the 406s of the 17th century. until the mid-206s of the 18th century. the main way
supplying the Yakutsk district and transporting exiles was water6
land route from Tobolsk through Yeniseisk along the Angara - Ilim rivers, portage
Ilimsky (Lensky) and rafting from Ust6Kuta along the Lena to Yakutsk.
And yet, until the end of the 17th century. communication between Yakutsk and Moscow and Siberian
cities was not of a clearly organized, regular nature. Delivery
official documents and exiles appointed to the Yakutsk district
carried out both along the way, with the Cossacks traveling to Yakutsk, and as
necessary, appointing service people to accompany them.
To send the collected tribute from Yakutsk to Moscow,
special orderly people with a team, and if necessary urgent
delivery of documents - special express, with the issuance of travel documents. So,
for example, in the document issued on August 3, 1691 by the Yakut governor, stolnik, prince
Ivan Mikhailovich Gagarin in detail
the entire journey was described “... from the great Lena River, from the Yakutsk city...”
“...to Moscow...” [Acts 1864: 766 – 767].
The first attempt to establish regular mail communication between
Moscow and Yakutsk was undertaken in 1698, when it was “established
sending letters via the sovereign mail, which went three times in the summer from
Moscow to Siberia to Nerchinsk and Yakutsk, and back the same number of times” [Slovtsov
1886: 285]. However, stable postal communication within the Eastern
Siberia never happened.
Division of Siberia according to the decree of May 19, 1719 into three provinces
decree of November 26, 1724 “On the schedule of Siberian cities for three
province and on the appointment of two vice-governors, Irkutsk
and Yenisei, subordinate to the Tobolsk governor" [Complete 1830: 263 –
265] was included in the Irkutsk province of the Siberian province
and Yakutsk district. This necessitated the establishment of regular
communications between Irkutsk and Yakutsk. The main route of communication was
tract from Irkutsk to the upper reaches of the Lena and rafting from Kachuga along the Lena to Yakutsk.
This route was especially busy in the summer. In the off-season - in the spring
and in the fall - the message was completely interrupted, and in the winter, if necessary, from
Irkutsk or Yakutsk sent messengers whose route ran
mainly on the ice of the river. Lena.
By the mid-2060s of the 18th century. within the Irkutsk province, from
Irkutsk to Vitim, there is a year-round connection: in the summer along the Lena,
in winter - according to established villages from Irkutsk to Vitim. So within
Irkutsk province has real prerequisites for rapid
transforming villages near Lena into postal machines (stations).
Thanks to the activities of the First Kamchatka Expedition to the North
Eastern Siberia in 1726-1729. in St. Petersburg had detailed
information, including information about communication routes in the region. Upon return March 1
1730 to the capital, the leader of the expedition, captain of the 16th rank Vitus
Yoanessen Bering presented Empress Anna Ioannovna with a brief
report on the progress of the expedition and made his proposals for
administrative arrangement and improvement of communications in the region
[Bering 1824].
Decisive importance in the organization and arrangement of communication routes
in the North-East of Siberia there were expeditions: military, Cossack head
Afanasy Fedotovich Shestakov; Second Kamchatka - received in 1730
the rank of captain-commander Vitus Yoanessen Bering..."